The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) and Regional Integration: An Analysis of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory with the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS

Abstract

This article explores regional integration under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) through the lens of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory (AIT) (Keohane and Nye, 1977). It examines the coexistence of symmetry shared institutional commitments and asymmetry differences in capacities and leverage across Africa’s major regional economic communities (RECs): the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study synthesizes quantitative data on trade, infrastructure and institutional alignment with qualitative policy analysis. Results indicate that, while AfCFTA’s institutional symmetry provides a strong framework for cooperation; persistent economic, infrastructural and geopolitical asymmetries continue to shape uneven integration outcomes. Detailed case studies reveal how these interdependence imbalances affect the benefits that member states derive from AfCFTA commitments. The paper concludes with practical policy recommendations to mitigate asymmetry and promote more equitable continental integration.