American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that aims to publish original research articles, case studies, and review papers. Journal is an interdisciplinary forum for researchers that address the intersection of education and STEM learning technologies. It aims to provide implications and scopes to develop and enhance STEM education as well as the uses of technology in education at all levels across the globe. It focuses to deliver perspectives at all levels, from the micro-level of explicit educational methods and tools to be used in the learning management system, educational institutional management method, development, and implementation, curriculum & content development, graduate employability, and quality education, to the macro-level of national policies and implementations; from primary education levels to adults in both territory and vocational education levels in schools, institutions and higher institutions to online, offline and lifelong learning.
Motivational Typology in Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) has undergone significant development since its early formulation, leading to more refined accounts of how and why metaphors emerge in human cognition. One of the most influential advances is the introduction of motivational typology, which explains the cognitive and experiential grounding of metaphorical mappings. This article examines motivational typology within conceptual metaphor theory, focusing on empirically grounded distinctions such as correlation-based and resemblance-based motivation, as well as later extensions incorporating cultural, pragmatic, and discourse-based factors. Drawing on the works of Joseph Grady, Zoltán Kövecses, Raymond Gibbs, Gerard Steen, and N. D. Arutyunova, the study analyzes how different motivational mechanisms contribute to metaphor formation and why these mechanisms complicate attempts at systematization. The article argues that metaphorical concepts cannot be classified solely by structural or semantic criteria, as their motivation reflects dynamic interactions between embodied experience, cognition, culture, and discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Linguistic Features of Labor-Related Idioms
This article defines key linguistic and cultural features of English phraseological units connected with labor and professional activity. Using a semantic and stylistic approach, it classifies work-related idioms according to dominant metaphorical source domains as physical effort, tools/mechanics, movement/career, time/energy, considers idioms originating from occupations and instruments, and describes structural properties such as fixedness and limited variability. The analysis shows that labor idioms encode social evaluations of diligence, efficiency, responsibility, and career progress, which is important for language learning and intercultural communication.
Effective Charge Influence on Form Factors Calculations of Some Sn Isotopes
The longitudinal form factors of 102,104,106Sn nuclei were calculated for two cases: with and without the core polarization effects. In this study, different values of effective charge were used to calculate the longitudinal form factors. e_p=1.5e,e_n=0.88e,e_p=0.98e,e_n=0.88e ,e_p=0.5e ,e_n=0.4e and e_p=0.35e ,e_n=0.35e and are plotted using black, blue, red and green curves, respectively, in all figures. The form factors of isotopes were also studied within shell model, using 100Sn as the inert core, and the others particles distributed on (1H9/2, 2F7/2, 2F5/2, 3P3/2, 3P1/2, and 1I13/2), which constitute the model space. The calculations in this study are based on a harmonic oscillator potential with a constant magnitude parameter (b) using the first-order correction of the Cohen-Korath (CK) perturbation and interaction theory. The inclusion of core polarization effect enhances the diffraction pattern of longitudinal form factors and it has the similar behavior for all different values of effective charge.
This article analyzes the role of fiction in reflecting social life, its impact on the development of society, social consciousness and cultural processes. The principles of the writer's re-creation of the reality of life through artistic interpretation, the system of images, conflict, plot and sociality based on artistic details are interpreted. Also, the traditions of portraying social life in Eastern and Western literature are covered in a comparative approach.
The article explores the concept of students’ love and motivation for learning the English language, highlighting its significance in the development of communicative competence, cognitive abilities, and cultural awareness. English, as a global language, serves not only as a medium of international communication but also as a tool for academic achievement, personal growth, and future professional success. Understanding the factors that influence students’ positive attitudes toward English is therefore essential for designing effective teaching strategies and fostering lifelong learning habits. This study examines both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors that contribute to students’ engagement and enthusiasm for English. Intrinsic factors include personal interest, curiosity about foreign cultures, and the desire for self-improvement, while extrinsic factors involve academic requirements, parental encouragement, and exposure to English-language media. The research emphasizes that a genuine love for the language enhances students’ active participation in classroom activities, facilitates vocabulary acquisition, improves pronunciation and grammatical accuracy, and promotes effective communication skills. Furthermore, students with a positive attitude toward English are more likely to seek opportunities for independent practice, such as reading books, watching films, or interacting with native speakers, which strengthens their overall linguistic competence. The article also investigates the role of teachers in nurturing students’ love for English. Teacher attitudes, instructional methods, and classroom environment significantly affect students’ motivation. Approaches that incorporate interactive teaching, gamification, communicative tasks, and culturally relevant content have been found to stimulate interest and encourage consistent engagement. Moreover, fostering a supportive and enjoyable learning environment helps reduce language anxiety, builds confidence, and strengthens students’ sense of achievement, which further reinforces their positive attitude toward English. Cultivating students’ love for the English language is a multifaceted process that combines motivational psychology, pedagogical strategies, and cultural exposure. Encouraging genuine interest in English not only improves academic outcomes but also equips students with the skills and confidence necessary for effective participation in global communication. This research contributes to the understanding of motivational dynamics in language learning and provides practical recommendations for educators seeking to enhance students’ enthusiasm, engagement, and long-term commitment to learning English.
Особенности Перевода Грамматико-Семантических Конструкций Условности И Намерения На Материале Корейского И Русского Языков
в статье рассматриваются особенности перевода грамматико-семантических конструкций условности и намерения на материале корейского и русского языков. Анализ направлен на выявление структурно-семантических различий и сходств в способах выражения условных и интенциональных значений в сопоставляемых языках. Особое внимание уделяется корейским грамматическим показателям условности и намерения и их функциональным соответствиям в русском языке, а также трудностям, возникающим при переводе данных конструкций. В работе показано, что расхождения в грамматической организации и семантической интерпретации данных значений обусловливают необходимость трансформационных приемов перевода. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в практике перевода, а также в преподавании корейского языка как иностранного.
Individual Author Style in Formation Artistic Image of Tools Role
This in the article artistic image individual author of the tools style in formation place and importance literary criticism theoretical and comparative approaches based on analysis In the study metaphor, epithet, simile, symbol, irony similar figurative of tools author worldview, aesthetics views and artistic his/her thinking in expression functional opportunities will be illuminated. Artistic texts analysis based on figurative tools the author's individual creative style determinant main poetic from mechanisms one that scientific in terms of is based on. Research results artistic image tools through author of style aesthetic, semantic and pragmatic aspects formation shows. Article stylistics, literature theory and comparative literary studies in the fields scientific research for theoretical-methodological importance has.
The Legal-Rational Legitimacy of Internal Affairs Bodies in Ensuring Information Security: A Socio-Philosophical Analysis
This article analyzes the activities of internal affairs bodies in ensuring information security from the perspective of social philosophy. The study, based on M. Weber's theory of legal-rational legitimacy, reveals the powers of internal affairs bodies in the information space, their legality and social validity. At a time when the role of state institutions in ensuring security is increasing in the context of the information society, the issue of the institutional status of internal affairs bodies and their legitimate functioning through legal mechanisms is becoming relevant.
The Scottish Literary Space Within British Culture: Urban Imagery, Language, And the Construction of National Aesthetic Identity
This article explores the development of modern Scottish literature within the British cultural space, focusing on the concept of sense of place as a key aesthetic and ideological category. Drawing on postcolonial and cultural-literary theory, the study examines how Scottish writers employ urban space, language variation, and historical memory to articulate national identity under conditions of cultural dominance. Particular attention is paid to the literary representation of Glasgow and Edinburgh in the works of Alasdair Gray and Ian Rankin, where the city functions not merely as a setting but as a symbolic and semantic construct. The article argues that modern Scottish prose constructs an alternative aesthetic system through the re-semanticization of local space and language, forming a hybrid cultural model characteristic of postcolonial literature.
Translation Strategies for Rendering National Ritual Realias from Uzbek into English
National ritual realias represent culturally specific linguistic units that reflect the traditions, customs, and worldview of a particular community. Their translation poses significant challenges due to the absence of direct equivalents in the target language and culture. This article examines translation strategies used in rendering Uzbek national ritual realias into English. The study aims to identify the most effective methods for preserving cultural meaning while ensuring communicative adequacy for the target audience. The research is based on examples taken from literary texts and ethnographic descriptions translated from Uzbek into English. The findings demonstrate that strategies such as transliteration, explication, descriptive translation, and cultural substitution are commonly employed, often in combination. The article concludes that a flexible, context-dependent approach is essential for achieving a balance between cultural preservation and reader comprehension.
MORPHOLOGICAL PECULARITIES OF WORD ACQUISITION IN UZBEK LANGUAGE
The article analyzes word acquisition as a complex process. In the process of analysis, it was found that although borrowed words appear as a pattern and are the object of research of the lexicology department, the spiritual and content filling of this pattern is associated with various social, political, and cultural factors. In fact, language is a social phenomenon, and no change in it occurs without the participation of society, we have distinguished the attempts of the state and society to make drastic changes to the language as a non-linguistic factor, and the gradual adaptation of phonetic, lexical, and grammatical adaptation of the word acquisitions to their own language pattern over time as a linguistic phenomenon.
The Peri as One of the Dominant Images in World Mythology
In the mythologies of many peoples of the world, the image of a supernatural female being—commonly known as the peri or its variants—occupies an important place. In European, including English, literary traditions, this figure is referred to as the fairy. The phonetic similarity between the words peri and fairy suggests the existence of ancient cultural contacts between the peoples of the East and the West, which may have influenced both the naming and the characteristics of this mythological image. This article examines the artistic interpretations and distinctive features of the peri as one of the dominant images in world mythology.
The Relationship Between Language and Consciousness in Wilhelm Von Humboldt’s Linguistic Philosophy
Wilhelm von Humboldt's linguistic philosophy posits a profound interconnection between language and human consciousness, viewing language not merely as a communicative tool but as an active force (energeia) that shapes thought and worldview. This article explores this relationship through an analysis of Humboldt's key works, particularly On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and Its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species. Drawing on historical and philosophical contexts, it examines how language structures consciousness, influences cultural diversity, and serves as the medium for conceptual formation. The discussion highlights Humboldt's departure from semiotic traditions and his emphasis on linguistic relativity, with implications for modern linguistics and cognitive science. Findings underscore language's role in human mental development, bridging individual cognition and collective cultural experience.
Semantics and Translation Challenges of State-Indicating Words in Uzbek and English
State-indicating words, encompassing stative verbs, adjectives, copular constructions, and nominal predicates, express static situations, properties, or states rather than dynamic actions. This article explores the semantic and structural differences in expressing states between Uzbek (a Turkic, agglutinative language) and English (an Indo-European, analytic language), with a focus on translation challenges. In English, states are primarily conveyed through stative verbs (e.g., know, be, have) and linking verbs with adjectives, while Uzbek often employs zero copula in the present tense, particle or verbal copulas depending on tense/aspect, and postpositional constructions. Key challenges include aspectual mismatches, copula omission/insertion, lexical gaps (lacunae), and degrees of stativity. Drawing on contrastive linguistics and examples from literary translations, the study highlights system asymmetries that lead to non-equivalence in translation. Recommendations for translators emphasize contextual adaptation and functional equivalence to preserve semantic nuance.
The Triz-Imen Method in the Intellectual Development of Children
This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical significance of the TRIZ-IMEN method as an effective pedagogical technology in the intellectual and creative development of children. The possibilities of applying this method in the preschool education process are analyzed, and its impact on children’s speech development, thinking skills, and intellectual potential is highlighted. In addition, the article reveals how the use of the TRIZ-IMEN method enables the organization of the educational process in an engaging, effective, and innovative manner.
Fundamentals of the Lexicographic Representation of Colloquial Units in the English Language
The article explores the fundamental principles of lexicographic representation of colloquial units in modern English. Special attention is paid to the theoretical challenges associated with defining colloquialism as a lexicographic object, as well as to methodological approaches used in contemporary English dictionaries. The study aims to identify key criteria for the selection, description, and classification of colloquial lexical units, taking into account their stylistic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic characteristics. The findings contribute to the development of a more consistent framework for the lexicographic treatment of colloquial language.
Advantages and Limitations of Online Dictionaries
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of online dictionaries of the English language as a distinct type of digital lexicographic resource. The study is conducted within the framework of functional, cognitive, and digital lexicography and is grounded in contemporary approaches to linguistic variation and the discourse-conditioned nature of meaning. The empirical basis of the research consists of data drawn from leading English-language online dictionaries, including Oxford English Dictionary Online, Merriam-Webster Online, and Cambridge Dictionary. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of the lexicon, multimodality of data representation, corpus-based verification, as well as issues of normativity, methodological heterogeneity, and cognitive reduction in lexicographic description.
Ielts Listening: Teaching Listening Skills in the Classroom
Anderson, G. (1995). Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications. New York: Freeman. Buck, G. (2001). Assessing Listening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mendelsohn, D. J. (1994). Learning to Listen: A Practical Guide to Listening Comprehension Activities. San Diego: Dominie Press. Richards, J. C., & Renandya, W. A. (2002). Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. C. M. (2012). Teaching and Learning Second Language Listening: Metacognition in Action. New York: Routledge. Yunusova, Z. Z. (2022). LISTENING COMPREHENSION IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AND ITS GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(Special Issue 20), 508-514. Yunusova, Z. (2024). Challenges and Opportunities in Teaching English to Journalism Students. Excellencia: International Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Education (2994-9521), 2(6), 339-341. Zokirova, Z. (2022). The Role Of Listening In Language Acquisition; The Challenges & Strategies In Teaching Listening. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(Special Issue 20), 789-793.
Metaphorical Expressions in the Uzbek Language and Their Communicative Functions
This study investigates metaphorical expressions in the Uzbek language and explores their communicative functions in everyday speech, literature, and media. Metaphors serve not only as stylistic devices but also as cognitive and cultural tools, enabling speakers to convey abstract ideas, emotions, and social values effectively. The research provides a theoretical framework for understanding metaphors, classifies their types, and analyzes their role in facilitating communication, enriching stylistic expression, and reflecting cultural identity. Examples from contemporary Uzbek language and literature illustrate the multifunctional nature of metaphors. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating metaphor analysis into language education, translation practices, and intercultural communication to enhance comprehension and preserve linguistic richness.
Contributions of Human Values in the Society Development
This study makes an effort to delve into the significance of human values in today's interconnected world. Without human values, human civilization may not be able to maintain itself. Consequently, we must have this conversation in order to raise contemporary society's consciousness of human values. Everybody can see that modern civilization is in the midst of a lot of problems. The contemporary world is well-known to be experiencing a human value crisis. It is thought that by putting human values into practice in every culture, a number of national and international issues might be resolved. In order to achieve this, human dignity must be held in the greatest esteem by all members of human society. When it comes to society, human values are paramount. Priority is given to human ideals rather than societal values. A person's view of humanity as a whole is what gives them worth. While it's true that people are society's primary focus, it's also true that contemporary society can never really disappear so long as people are a part of it. Because of how much better communication is now because to technology, our words, deeds, and thoughts directly impact a wider audience than in the past. By writing this piece, the author hopes to get a better grasp of human values' societal relevance and the role they've played in shaping modern civilization.
The Role of Teachers in Students’ Educational Journey
Teachers play a vital role in shaping students’ academic achievement, personal growth, and social development. Beyond delivering subject knowledge, teachers influence learners’ attitudes, values, and motivation toward learning and life. Through guidance, encouragement, and constructive feedback, teachers help students build confidence, develop critical thinking skills, and discover their individual strengths. A supportive teacher can inspire curiosity, foster resilience, and create a positive learning environment where students feel safe to express ideas and take intellectual risks. Moreover, teachers often serve as role models, demonstrating ethical behavior, responsibility, and respect, which students may carry into their future personal and professional lives. Therefore, the role of a teacher extends far beyond the classroom, contributing significantly to students’ lifelong development and success.
Social Service of a Teacher as a Factor in the Ecologization of Public Consciousness
This article investigates the role of a teacher's social service in the greening of public relations and consciousness. The central thesis is that a teacher's perception of their work as a cultural mission and vocation is a key mechanism for fostering environmental awareness among students. The study employs a theoretical methodology, analyzing the intersection of pedagogical activity and social service through the lens of motivation theories (e.g., Maslow, McClelland) and educational concepts. The mechanisms through which the pedagogical process interacts with the socio-cultural environment to promote ecological values are examined. The case of Uzbekistan is used to illustrate the integration of social service concepts into national policy and educational reform aimed at sustainable development. The conclusion posits that a teacher's internal motivation, framed as a calling, is crucial for effective ecological education and, consequently, for the ecologization of public consciousness. The research contributes to understanding the motivational foundations of pedagogical professionalism in the context of global environmental challenges.
From Ethnic Inheritance to Futuristic Societies: Identity, Alterity, and World-Building in Ursula K. Le Guin
Ursula K. Le Guin is frequently celebrated for her radical reimagining of gender, culture, and society within speculative fiction; however, critical discussions often underplay the significance of her ethnic positionality as a white American writer in shaping these imaginative worlds. This article argues that Le Guin’s early exposure to anthropology and Indigenous cultural frameworks mediated through her upbringing in an intellectually cross-cultural environment produced a hybrid epistemic identity that profoundly influenced her literary world-making. Rather than writing from an unexamined position of Western authority, Le Guin transforms her whiteness into a site of ethical questioning and cultural reflexivity. Through a close reading of The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) and Always Coming Home (1985), this study demonstrates how Le Guin’s speculative societies resist fixed notions of gender, ethnicity, linear progress, and imperial dominance. The androgynous world of Gethen and the future ethnography of the Kesh people reveal a sustained critique of Western binaries and colonial modes of knowledge production. By situating Le Guin’s fiction within debates on ethnicity, anthropology, and cultural hybridity, this article offers a nuanced understanding of how early cultural exposure shaped her lifelong engagement with alternative futures. The study contributes to scholarship on speculative fiction by foregrounding authorial ethnicity as a productive, rather than limiting, force in literary imagination.
Copyright (c) 2025 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Shaping the Future from the Margins: Afro-American Identity, Survival, and Radical Hope in Octavia E. Butler’s Parable Novels
Octavia E. Butler emerges as a foundational figure in American speculative fiction by foregrounding Afro-American experience within dystopian futures. This article argues that Butler’s racial identity as an Afro-American writer decisively shapes the social, ethical, and political imagination of Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents. Rather than treating the future as a detached or universal space, Butler constructs dystopian worlds that extend historical patterns of racial inequality, economic dispossession, and institutional violence. Through the protagonist Lauren Olamina and the philosophy of Earthseed, Butler reframes survival as a collective, adaptive, and morally grounded practice rooted in Afro-American historical consciousness. The study situates the Parable novels within Black feminist thought and Afrofuturist discourse to demonstrate how Butler resists dominant narratives of progress and technological salvation. Her fiction insists that the future cannot erase race but must confront its enduring structures. By analysing how Butler integrates race, embodiment, and ethical responsibility into speculative world-building, this article highlights her contribution to reimagining futurity as an ongoing struggle shaped by memory, resilience, and communal care. The article contributes to contemporary literary scholarship by foregrounding Afro-American identity as the generative force of Butler’s dystopian imagination.
The Association of Social Media to Body Image and Effects on Adolescents Self-Esteem in Some Selected Schools in Bamenda I Sub Division
The pervasive use of social media has transformed how adolescents perceive themselves, often shaping body image ideals and influencing self-esteem. Body Image Perception refers to how adolescents view and evaluate their physical appearance relative to societal and media standards. Self Esteem is an adolescent’s overall sense of self-worth and confidence, influenced by external validation and internal assessment. Peer Comparison refers to the process through which adolescents evaluate their appearance and achievements in relation to peers. Online validation is all about likes, comments, and feedback that reinforces self-perception positively or negatively. This study examined the association between social media usage, body image perception, and self-esteem among adolescents in selected secondary schools in Bamenda I Sub-division, North West Region of Cameroon. The study was guided by Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954), which explains how adolescents evaluate themselves by comparing to peers and media figures; Objectification Theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), highlighting how societal focus on appearance fosters self-objectification; Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987), describing emotional discomfort from mismatches between actual and ideal selves; and Uses and Gratifications Theory (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974), which explains adolescents’ active engagement with media to fulfill needs such as social validation and entertainment. Employing a cross-sectional mixed-methods design, 250 adolescents were selected via stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using standardized questionnaires on social media engagement, body image dissatisfaction, and self-esteem, while qualitative data were obtained via focus group discussions. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Results indicated a significant positive relationship between social media use and body dissatisfaction (r = .42, p < .001), and a significant negative relationship between body dissatisfaction and self-esteem (r = -.48, p < .001). Regression analysis revealed that social media exposure predicted 32% of the variance in self-esteem outcomes (R² = .32, F (3, 246) = 38.56, p < .001). Qualitative findings highlighted peer comparison, exposure to idealized images, and online validation as central factors influencing body image and self-perception. The study concludes that excessive social media engagement contributes to negative body image and lower self-esteem among adolescents. Strong recommendations include integrating digital literacy programs into the curriculum to teach adolescents critical thinking skills in interpreting social media content, especially regarding unrealistic beauty standards and edited images. Establish school-based counseling services were trained counselors can support adolescents struggling with body image or low self-esteem. Promote extracurricular activities such as sports, arts, and debate clubs that build confidence, resilience, and self-worth beyond physical appearance. Organize seminars and workshops on self-esteem, self-acceptance, and healthy social media use, involving teachers, parents, and students. Monitor and guide social media use at home by setting healthy screen-time limits and encouraging positive online engagement. Model positive body image and self-acceptance at home, avoiding negative body talk or comparisons that may reinforce insecurities. Encourage open communication with adolescents about the pressures they face online, creating a safe space for discussions without judgment. Promote alternative activities such as reading, sports, and volunteering that shift focus from appearance-based validation to skill-based or value-based achievement, awareness campaigns on responsible social media use, and parental guidance to mitigate adverse psychological outcomes.
Tashkent - The Center of Islamic Civilization
Tashkent occupies a special place in the socio-economic, cultural and spiritual development of Central Asia and has made a significant contribution to the centuries-old historical and evolutionary processes of development. In this place there are ruins of ancient Kangaroo settlements, in particular architectural monuments built in Tashkent in the Middle Ages, as well as many historical, archaeological and cultural monuments preserved in the city of Tashkent and its surroundings. The article provides information about scientists who lived in Tashkent in the Middle Ages and made a great contribution to the Islamic civilization.
The Role of Plot and Conflict in O'tkir Hoshimov's Novel "Lives Passed in a Dream"
This paper analyzes the issues of plot and conflict in O'tkir Hoshimov's novel "Lives Passed in a Dream." In the work, the plot is constructed based on real-life events and develops through the contradictions between human fate, society, and the individual. The novel's plot is enriched not so much by sequential events as by the characters' inner experiences, psychological struggles, and life choices. Conflicts are primarily internal (psychological) and external (social) in nature, serving to reveal the main characters' spiritual quests, pangs of conscience, and the problems of the era.
Legal Basis of the Prosecutor's Powers at the Stage of Initiating a Criminal Case
This article analyzes the prosecutor's powers and their limitations at the stage of initiating a criminal case, based on the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code. The procedural involvement of the prosecutor in the pre-investigation verification process and the possibilities of influencing decisions on initiating or refusing to initiate criminal proceedings are examined based on legal norms.
Lexicography and its Role in the Formation of a Linguistically Competent Language Personality
This article analyzes the role and significance of lexicography in the formation of a linguistically competent language person scientifically and theoretically based on Russian language materials. In the course of the research, the essence of the discipline of lexicography, the stages of historical development of Russian lexicography, the main types of dictionaries and their functions in the development of language competence are highlighted. The role of explanatory, translation, terminological and phraseological dictionaries in the educational process is also revealed, and their potential for the formation of lexical, communicative and intercultural competence in learners is shown. The article scientifically substantiates the fact that working with lexicographic sources is an important factor in the development of the language person's independent thinking, speech culture and skills in observing language norms.
Connotative Meaning of Uzbek Verbs: Evaluative, Emotive and Stylistic Components in Lexicographic and Literary Data
Connotation is often treated as a secondary layer of meaning; however, in verb semantics it plays a central role in shaping evaluation, emotional colouring, and stylistic positioning. This paper investigates the connotative meaning of Uzbek verbs with particular attention to their evaluative, emotive, and stylistic components as reflected in lexicographic descriptions and literary usage. The study is based on qualitative analysis of verb entries drawn from the Uzbek Explanatory Dictionary and contextual examples extracted from classical and modern Uzbek prose, including works by Abdulla Qodiriy and O‘tkir Hoshimov. By examining near-synonym verb sets, the research demonstrates that connotative distinctions among Uzbek verbs are systematic and relatively stable, rather than incidental or contextually random. The findings show that evaluative judgement, emotional stance, and register are encoded in verb choice and significantly influence interpretation in discourse. The paper argues that connotative information should be treated as an integral part of verb semantics and more explicitly represented in lexicographic practice and literary analysis.
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