American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that aims to publish original research articles, case studies, and review papers. Journal is an interdisciplinary forum for researchers that address the intersection of education and STEM learning technologies. It aims to provide implications and scopes to develop and enhance STEM education as well as the uses of technology in education at all levels across the globe. It focuses to deliver perspectives at all levels, from the micro-level of explicit educational methods and tools to be used in the learning management system, educational institutional management method, development, and implementation, curriculum & content development, graduate employability, and quality education, to the macro-level of national policies and implementations; from primary education levels to adults in both territory and vocational education levels in schools, institutions and higher institutions to online, offline and lifelong learning.
The Role of Linguistic and Extralinguistic Devices in Film Discourse for the Creation of Linguo-Axiological Principles
Film discourse represents a complex semiotic phenomenon in which verbal and non-verbal elements interact to create meaning, convey cultural values, and shape audience perceptions. The study of linguo-axiology focuses on how language reflects and constructs value systems within communication. In film discourse, linguistic and extralinguistic devices serve as essential tools for expressing ideological, moral, cultural, and social values. This article examines the role of linguistic and extralinguistic devices in creating linguo-axiological principles within film discourse. The research highlights how lexical choices, stylistic devices, dialogue structures, visual imagery, music, gestures, and cultural symbols contribute to the formation of value-oriented meanings. The findings demonstrate that film discourse functions not only as a means of entertainment but also as a powerful mechanism for transmitting and reinforcing societal values.
Phraseological Productivity and Conceptual Profiles of Somatic Components in Modern Standard Arabic: A Corpus-Based Study
Somatic phraseological units – multiword expressions whose pivotal or dependent component denotes a part of the human body – constitute one of the oldest and most productive layers of the phraseological stock of any language. This article examines the phraseological productivity and the conceptual profiles of somatic components in Modern Standard Arabic on the basis of a purpose-built corpus of 844 somatic phraseological units extracted from a dictionary of idiomatic expression in contemporary Arabic (Dāwūd, 2003), covering 71 distinct body-part lexemes. The study pursues two aims: to establish the productivity hierarchy of somatic components and the distribution of figurative mechanisms across the corpus, and to map the conceptual fields generated by the six most productive components – yad ‘hand’, ʿayn ‘eye’, qalb ‘heart’, wajh ‘face’, raʾs ‘head’ and lisān ‘tongue’. The quantitative analysis shows that external body parts account for roughly three-quarters of all units, that metonymy outranks metaphor among overtly figurative units, and that the productivity ranking of Arabic somatisms broadly parallels that reported for genetically unrelated languages. The qualitative analysis reveals that each productive component anchors a structured set of conceptual domains – power, perception, emotion, social standing, cognition and speech – confirming that the body functions as a coherent and culturally elaborated source domain in Arabic phraseology. The findings carry implications for bilingual lexicography, translation and the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language.
Mamasoliyeva Mushtariybegim Qobuljon qizi
ANUSHTEGINID FOREIGN POLICY AND THE IDEOLOGICAL WAR WITH THE ABBASID CALIPHATE (A CASE STUDY OF THE ERA OF KHWARAZMSHAH ALAUDDIN MUHAMMAD)
This article examines a critical juncture in the foreign policy of the Anushteginid (Khwarazmian) dynasty: the escalating conflict between Sultan Ala al-Din Muhammad (r. 1200–1220) and the Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah (r. 1180–1225). Employing a qualitative, historical-critical methodology, this study investigates how a geopolitical rivalry for regional hegemony transformed into an unprecedented ideological war. The Results section delineates the key stages of this policy, including the discovery of the Caliph's anti-Khwarazmian intrigues, the Sultan's subsequent use of "fatwa diplomacy" to delegitimize the Abbasid caliphate, and the ambitious but failed project to install a rival "anti-caliph." The Discussion analyzes the strategic implications of this radical foreign policy, arguing that while it represented the apex of Anushteginid imperial ambition, it ultimately proved catastrophic. By instigating a schism within the leadership of the Dar al-Islam, Sultan Muhammad undermined his own spiritual legitimacy and precipitated the profound diplomatic isolation of his empire. The article concludes that this internal fracture was a decisive factor that crippled the potential for a united Islamic response, thereby creating a vacuum of authority that facilitated the devastating success of the subsequent Mongol invasions.
Foreign Scholars’ Views on the Issue of the Competency-Based Approach in Teaching Arabic to Uzbek Students
This article analyzes foreign scholars’ views on the competency-based approach in teaching Arabic to Uzbek students. The competency-based approach is considered one of the most effective directions in modern foreign language education because it focuses not only on linguistic knowledge but also on the learner’s ability to use the language in real communicative, academic, cultural, and professional contexts. In teaching Arabic, this approach is especially important due to the complex grammatical structure of Arabic, its rich lexical system, stylistic diversity, and close connection with Arab-Islamic culture. The article discusses the theoretical foundations of competency-based language teaching through the views of foreign scholars such as N. Chomsky, D. Hymes, M. Canale, M. Swain, H. Widdowson, C. Kramsch, J. C. Richards, D. Nunan, and S. Savignon. The study also explains the relevance of these theories to Arabic language education for Uzbek students. The article concludes that the competency-based approach can improve students’ linguistic, communicative, sociocultural, intercultural, discourse, strategic, and translation competencies.
competency-based approach, Arabic language teaching, Uzbek students, communicative competence, intercultural competence, foreign scholars, foreign language education.
Comparative-Linguistic Analysis of Objectivity and Boundedness Meanings in Verb Combinations
The creative processes of the Kokand Khanate period, the intellectual collaboration of scholars from Namangan, and their literary traditions are analyzed. Based on historical and literary sources, Namangan is presented as a historically significant cultural center that has long produced prominent poets and enlightened thinkers. The life and creative activity of Nodim Namangoniy, his attitude toward the socio-political events of the colonial period, as well as his satirical and didactic views, are examined on a scholarly basis. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of the Namangan literary environment in the history of Uzbek literature and the significance of Nodim Namangoniy as an enlightened poet.
objectivity, boundedness, verb combinations, transitivity, telicity, verb semantics, English, Uzbek, comparative linguistics.
Modern Educational Models in the Context of Mother Tongue Teaching
This article analyzes the modern educational models used in the process of mother tongue teaching, their theoretical foundations, and their practical significance. It also addresses issues of developing learners’ speech and linguistic competencies through a competency-based approach, interactive methods, digital technologies, and innovative pedagogical techniques. The research findings demonstrate that modern models play an important role in improving the quality of mother tongue education.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Early Notification in Ensuring Timely Response to Fires
Rapid response to fire incidents is one of the most critical factors in reducing casualties, property losses, and environmental damage. Early notification systems play a vital role in detecting fires at their initial stages and promptly informing emergency services. This study examines the significance of early fire notification in improving response times and enhancing the effectiveness of firefighting operations. The research analyzes the impact of modern fire detection technologies, communication systems, and emergency dispatch mechanisms on fire management. The findings indicate that timely notification significantly reduces fire spread, improves evacuation efficiency, and minimizes economic losses. The study highlights the necessity of integrating advanced monitoring and alert systems into fire safety strategies to strengthen public safety and emergency preparedness.
The Use of Phytonyms in Figurative Meaning in Karakalpak Folklore
This article investigates the figurative (non-literal) use of phytonyms — plant-name lexemes — in Karakalpak oral folklore, drawing on the hundred-volume academic edition of Karakalpak Folklore (Qaraqalpaq fol'klorı) published by the “Ilim” Publishing House in Nukus. Four folklore genres are examined comparatively: proverbs and sayings (naqıl-maqallar), heroic epics (dastans), riddles (jumbaqlar), and tongue-twisters (jańıltpashlar). The analysis shows that phytonyms are not distributed evenly across genres, nor do they perform the same function in each. In proverbs, phytonyms function as auxiliary semantic carriers of metaphorical judgment about human character and social life rather than as autonomous images. In epic poetry, the lexeme “gúl” (“flower”) accumulates a wide emotional register — beauty, youth, transience, sorrow — frequently activated through contrastive juxtaposition. In riddles, phytonyms are shown to perform two distinct and previously under-differentiated functions: as descriptive vehicles that characterize a hidden referent, and as the hidden referents themselves. In tongue-twisters, the selection of phytonyms is governed primarily by phonetic rather than semantic criteria, serving alliteration and assonance. Comparative attention is also given to the role of cultivated-plant phytonyms (cotton, pumpkin, melon, wheat) as evidence of the historical centrality of agriculture and horticulture in Karakalpak material culture. The findings extend and corroborate the broader Turkic-area scholarship on plant-name lexis (Nematova 1998; Otemisov 2020) by grounding it in a systematic, genre-differentiated folklore corpus, and they offer a model for comparable studies of phytonyms in other folklore traditions of the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
Digital Pedagogies for Enhancing Entrepreneurship Education in Business Classrooms in Universities in Rivers State
This study examines digital pedagogies for enhancing entrepreneurship education in business classrooms in universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study assessed the utilization of digital pedagogies in teaching entrepreneurship education and determine their influence on students’ entrepreneurial skill acquisition. Two research questions and two corresponding null hypotheses guided the study. The study was anchored on Human Capital Theory and Experiential Learning Theory. A descriptive correlational survey research design was adopted. The population comprised 1,298 respondents, consisting of 78 business education lecturers and 1,220 final-year business education students in Rivers State University and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, from which a sample of 297 respondents was drawn using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size determination formula and proportionate sampling technique. Data were collected using a researcher-developed instrument titled Digital Pedagogy and Entrepreneurship Education Questionnaire (DPEEQ). The instrument was subjected to face and content validation by experts, while its reliability was established using the Cronbach Alpha method, which yielded a coefficient of 0.89 for the study. Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and z-test to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that digital pedagogies were moderately utilized in teaching entrepreneurship education, but they had a significant positive influence on students’ entrepreneurial skill acquisition. The study concluded that effective integration of digital pedagogies can substantially improve entrepreneurship education outcomes. It was recommended that universities strengthen digital infrastructure, train lecturers in digital teaching practices, and integrate more experiential digital tools into entrepreneurship instruction.
Linguocultural Aspects of Discursive-Pragmatic Transformations in the Translation of Metaphors in English Literary Texts
Metaphors play a crucial role in literary discourse by conveying artistic, cognitive, and cultural meanings. Their translation is often challenging because metaphorical expressions are closely connected with the linguistic and cultural background of the source language. This study explores the linguocultural dimensions of discursive-pragmatic transformations used in translating metaphors from English into Uzbek. Using a qualitative comparative approach, the research analyzes metaphorical units found in English literary texts and their Uzbek renderings. The findings show that translators frequently employ adaptation, substitution, preservation, and explicitation strategies to maintain both meaning and communicative effect. The study concludes that effective metaphor translation requires attention not only to linguistic equivalence but also to cultural context and pragmatic function.
Linguo-Stylistic Possibilities of Synonymic Choice in The Speech of Religious Scholars
The article analyzes the role of synonymic units in refining meaning, expressing respect, adapting speech to the audience and creating euphemistic mitigation in religious discourse. It discusses rows such as prayer-supplication, sin-mistake and died-passed away.
The Role of Family–School Cooperation in Enhancing Youth Spiritual and Moral Development
The spiritual and moral development of young people is one of the most significant issues in contemporary society. In an era characterized by rapid technological progress, globalization, and cultural transformation, the formation of ethical values, social responsibility, and positive behavior among youth has become increasingly important. Family and school are the two primary institutions that influence a child's character, worldview, and moral beliefs. Their cooperation plays a crucial role in fostering the spiritual growth of young generations. This article examines the importance of family–school collaboration in enhancing youth spirituality and moral consciousness, analyzes the responsibilities of both institutions, and proposes effective strategies for strengthening their partnership. The study highlights that sustainable cooperation between parents and educators contributes significantly to the formation of morally mature, socially responsible, and intellectually developed individuals.
Digital Skills Acquisition and Business Educators' Job Effectiveness in Public Universities in Rivers and Bayelsa States
This study examined the relationship between digital skill acquisition and Business Educators' job effectiveness in public universities. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between ICT skill acquisition, video conferencing skill acquisition, and word processing skill acquisition, and their impact on job effectiveness. The study was guided by three research questions, and three null hypotheses tested at a 0.05 level of significance. A correlation survey design was adopted in this study. The population consisted of 72 Business Educators in the aforementioned public universities, and a census sampling of the entire population was used. Data were collected using two structured questionnaires titled “Digital Skill Acquisition Questionnaire (DSAQ) and “Job Effectiveness of Business Educators Questionnaire (JEBEQ)”. The instruments contained a total of 38 items, and which were validated by experts in Business Education. Reliability of the instruments was determined using the Cronbach Alpha method, yielding coefficients of 0.88, 0.97, 0.95, and 0.98 for ICT skill, video conferencing skill, word processing skill, and job effectiveness respectively, with an overall reliability of 0.95. The instruments were administered with the assistance of one research assistant, and all 72 copies were returned and used for analysis. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation to answer the research questions and test the null hypotheses. Findings revealed a very strong positive relationship between ICT skill video conferencing skill and word processing skill acquisition respectively and Business Educators’ job effectiveness, indicating that proficiency in ICT tools significantly enhances teaching and administrative performance. Video conferencing skills were also strongly related to job effectiveness, suggesting that virtual communication tools improve collaboration and instructional delivery. Word processing skills demonstrated a very strong relationship, highlighting the importance of managing digital documents efficiently for academic productivity. The study concluded that acquiring digital skills in ICT, video conferencing, and word processing significantly improves the job effectiveness of Business Educators. Based on these findings, it was recommended that Ministry of Education and educational stakeholders should provide adequate digital learning facilities, university management should support Business Educators through training and development programmes, and regular appraisals of digital skill acquisition should be conducted to identify gaps and enhance performance.
Typological Features of Artistic Speechforms in The Prose of Kuchqor Norkobul and Remark
This article analyzes the typological features of artistic speech forms in contemporary Uzbek prose, using the works of Qo‘chqor Norqobil and “Remark” as examples. The study examines structural and functional aspects of narrative expression such as authorial speech, character speech, interior monologue, dialogue, and free indirect discourse. In addition, a comparative analysis of the narrative strategies of both writers is conducted, revealing their realist and modernist tendencies. The results show that psychological realism dominates in the prose of Qo‘chqor Norqobil, whereas modernist and polyphonic forms of expression prevail in the works of “Remark”.
The Role Of Corrective Feedback In Second Language Acquisition: A Classroom Observation Study Of Beginner Efl Learners
This classroom-based action research aims to investigate the efficacy of oral corrective feedback (CF) strategies among young, elementary-level students, who are learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Uzbekistan. The study was conducted over twelve lessons in a private language course with 15 primary school students aged 9–11. Observational discourse analysis was used to examine students’ immediate responses (uptake) and successful self-correction to different types of feedback provided by the teacher. According to the results there were clear differences between output-promoting and input-promoting strategies. While indirect recasts gave low levels of successful repair results, explicit output-promoting strategies significantly improved students’ successful repair rates. Clarification requests, elicitation, and metalinguistic feedback emerged as the most successful ways. Findings show that these strategies encourage students to not only comprehend the meaning, but also actively pay attention to the grammatical forms and help them remember and apply their existing linguistic knowledge in practice. The study provides practical recommendations for EFL education in Uzbekistan, emphasizing the importance of specific and targeted feedback strategies in developing students’ self-correction and reducing the risk of developing long-term language errors.
The Translator's Linguistic Identity in Cross-Cultural Literary Transfer: Author–Image–Translator Triad in Uzbek–Russian and Uzbek–English Translations
Literary translation requires negotiation not only between languages but between three distinct linguistic identities: the source author, the fictional characters or images constructed within the text, and the translator. This article proposes the Author–Image–Translator (AIT) triad as an analytical framework for studying how translators reproduce, transform, or suppress the linguistic identities encoded in source literary texts. Applying the framework to Uzbek–Russian and Uzbek–English literary translation, we demonstrate that translators' socio-cultural embeddedness, idiolectal preferences, and cognitive access to source-culture schemas are decisive factors in the preservation of the national character image across translation boundaries. We further argue that gender, ideological context, and creative competence are underexplored dimensions of translator linguistic identity that systematically shape translation output. The AIT framework offers a productive theoretical synthesis of cognitive translation studies, pragmatics, and cultural linguistics for the analysis of cross-cultural literary transfer.
Assessing Language Competence in Adaptive AI Learning
This article examines outlines an integrated model and foundational principles for the responsible implementation of adaptive artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education language proficiency assessment. It addresses critical ethical and practical challenges, focusing on fairness, accountability, validity, and reliability. The text warns against "metric dominance" and unintended biases caused by continuous algorithmic adjustments. To counter this, it proposes a dual-control architecture where pedagogical principles and human oversight govern automated processes.
Pragmatic and Sociolinguistic Features of Hybrid Verbs in Instagram Youth Discourse
The rise of hybrid verbs in Uzbek Instagram discourse reflects increasing language contact between English and Uzbek in digital youth culture. The study documents, categorizes, and examines the structural patterns and pragmatic functions of 50 naturally occurring hybrid verbal constructions from publicly accessible Uzbek-language Instagram content. A qualitative-descriptive corpus analysis was conducted, categorizing each item for morphological structure, social distribution, and communicative function. The analytical framework integrates Yus's internet pragmatics model, Satimova's neologism typology, and sociolinguistic identity theory. Three main structural patterns were identified: 1. English noun/verb stem + qilmoq, 2. English root + Uzbek -la verbalizer, 3. English idiom + Uzbek state verb. Each pattern serves distinct pragmatic functions including linguistic economy, identity signaling, semantic specialization, and multimodal meaning-making. The findings suggest that hybrid verbs are a grammatically principled and socially meaningful phenomenon driven by communicative efficiency and identity performance, with implications for contact linguistics and digital communication research in multilingual communities.
The Pedagogical Importance of Written Sources in the Formation of Professional Competence of Future History Teachers
This article analyzes written sources - manuscripts, historical documents, manoqibs and tazkiras - as an important factor in the formation of professional competence of future history teachers. As a result, it is proven that the systematic use of written sources is an important pedagogical basis for improving the professional training of future history teachers.
written sources, manuscripts, historical documents, source studies, professional competence, historical thinking, critical thinking, pedagogical technologies, educational process, didactic approach, practical exercises, history education.
Digital Pedagogy in Higher Education: Evaluating the Advantages of Online Teaching
This study investigates the pedagogical effectiveness, perceived advantages, and key determinants of success in online teaching within higher education contexts, with a specific focus on instructor digital competence, learner flexibility, and platform accessibility. The study seeks to identify which dimensions of digital pedagogy most significantly predict positive learning outcomes and to compare faculty and student perceptions of online instructional quality across a university setting. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. A structured survey instrument was administered to 318 students and 74 faculty members at a public university in Uzbekistan during the 2023–2024 academic year. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 24 purposively selected participants and subjected to thematic analysis to contextualise and deepen survey findings. Instructor digital competence emerged as the strongest predictor of perceived learning effectiveness (β = 0.381, p < 0.001), followed by flexibility and autonomy (β = 0.294) and peer interaction quality (β = 0.247). Faculty and students diverged significantly on perceptions of feedback timeliness and assessment integrity. Qualitative themes highlighted the salience of pedagogical design quality, technical infrastructure, and emotional engagement as mediating factors in online learning success. The study advances an integrated Digital Pedagogical Effectiveness Model (DPEM) that synthesises Community of Inquiry (CoI) theory, Self-Determination Theory (SDT), and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles into a unified evaluative framework. This model offers a novel conceptual tool for assessing online instructional quality in Central Asian higher education contexts, where empirical research on digital pedagogy remains sparse.
The natural, effective expression of the things in existence in a work of art gives the reader an aesthetic pleasure. It is difficult to perceive reality without feeling, therefore, the creator pays attention to the aesthetic aspects of the work of art. The assimilation of information helps to understand the meaning and essence of the work, to understand the ideological and artistic intention of the creator, to imagine the spiritual and moral world of the hero. Talent, delicate taste, deep feeling and enjoyment of the subtlety of the surrounding world allow the creator to express the brilliance of colors and the sound of various melodies in a bright and lively way.
The Formation and Development of Linguoculturology
Linguoculturology emerged as an interdisciplinary field that studies the ways in which language preserves, represents, and transmits culturally significant meanings. Its formation was prepared by several earlier traditions, including ethnolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, semiotics, and Cultural Linguistics. However, linguoculturology acquired its most recognizable disciplinary form within Russian and post-Soviet scholarship, where language began to be examined not only as a communicative system but also as a carrier of national mentality, cultural memory, value orientations, and symbolic codes. This article analyses the theoretical essence, formation stages, conceptual apparatus, and contemporary significance of linguoculturology. The research is based on a theoretical-analytical review of scholarly works retrieved through Scite, including studies on Cultural Linguistics, post-Soviet linguoculturology, anthropocentric linguistics, Uzbek linguistics, cultural conceptualisations, symbols, and national-cultural codes. The article argues that linguoculturology should not be reduced to an alternative name for Cultural Linguistics. Rather, it may be understood as a historically specific paradigm shaped by the anthropocentric turn in linguistics and by the post-Soviet tradition of studying culturally marked language units. Its key categories include linguocultureme, concept, national-cultural code, symbol, metaphor, phraseological unit, and paremial unit.
Effects of Guided-Discovery Teaching Strategy on Retention in Cell Biology among Senior Secondary School Students in Adamawa State
This study examined the effect of Guided-Discovery Teaching Strategy on students’ retention in Cell Biology among Senior Secondary School students in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study adopted a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. The population comprised 23,548 Senior Secondary School II Biology students in public secondary schools across the five education zones of Adamawa State during the 2024/2025 academic session. A sample of 142 students selected through multistage sampling techniques participated in the study. Data were collected using the Biology Retention Test (BRT), which yielded reliability coefficients of 0.87 and 0.92 respectively using Cronbach Alpha. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was employed to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that students taught Cell Biology using Guided-Discovery Teaching Strategy obtained higher retention scores. The study further revealed no significant difference in the retention of male and female students taught using Guided-Discovery Teaching Strategy. Additionally, there was no significant interaction effect of teaching strategy and gender on students’ retention in Cell Biology. The study concluded that Guided-Discovery Teaching Strategy significantly enhances students’ retention in Cell Biology irrespective of gender. It was recommended that Biology teachers should adopt Guided-Discovery Teaching Strategy to improve students’ retention and learning outcomes in Biology.
Formation and use of Greek Clinical Terms Denoting Diseases in Modern Medical Terminology
Greek clinical terminology constitutes one of the fundamental components of modern medical language. The majority of disease names used in medicine are formed from Greek roots, prefixes, and suffixes that provide precise information about the nature, location, and characteristics of pathological processes. The present study examines the formation patterns of Greek clinical terms denoting diseases and analyzes their application in contemporary medical communication. Particular attention is paid to the most productive term elements, including suffixes such as -itis, -osis, -oma and -pathia. The study demonstrates that Greek-derived clinical terms ensure international standardization and facilitate effective communication among healthcare professionals worldwide.
The Figurative Representation of Nature Imagery in the Poetry of Erkin Vohidov and Abdulla Oripov
Twentieth-century Uzbek literature is distinguished by its multilayered nature and semantic depth. Literary works of this period, created in the spirit of freedom and aspirations for independence, were often perceived as acts of resistance against the dominance of the authoritarian regime. Therefore, writers and poets attempted to express their genuine intentions and ideological aspirations through diverse artistic and figurative means. One of such expressive devices is landscape imagery (peyzaj), in which depictions of nature, colors, and even seasons function symbolically according to artistic intention. This article analyzes the figurative representation of nature imagery in the poetry of Erkin Vohidov and Abdulla Oripov.
The role of artistic symbols in Nazar Eshonkul's stories
The article analyzes the stories of Nazar Eshonkul. The article focuses on the interpretation of symbolic images and symbolic details in the stories selected as the object of the article. The symbolic means of imagery in Nazar Eshonkul's works are divided into separate groups and classified.
Criticism related to literature in one of the art fields is called literary criticism. This is because literature—understood as the art of depicting reality through the word—constitutes the object of literary criticism's interest. The development of literary criticism is closely tied to the press. The periodical press contributes to the advancement of this new field related to literature. For the first time, specialists in the field express their opinions on published works of fiction and translation. Memoirs about the activities and convictions of world-famous talents allow us to become acquainted with their imaginative worlds. Likewise, the pages of memoirs offer an opportunity to acquaint oneself with the latest developments in social, political, and cultural life. In the memoir, life events, heartfelt conversations, moments of inspiration, presentations, and acknowledgments are selected and presented in a structured way.
The Effect of Task-Based Language Teaching on EFL Learners' Speaking Fluency: A Study in Fergana Secondary Schools
This study investigated the effect of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) on the speaking fluency of upper-intermediate EFL learners at two secondary schools in Fergana, Uzbekistan. Using a pre-test and post-test design, 60 students were divided into two groups: one group received TBLT-based instruction, while the other continued with the conventional teaching approach used in Fergana schools. The study lasted 12 weeks. Speaking fluency was assessed through oral tasks that were evaluated for how smoothly and confidently students spoke. Results showed that students in the TBLT group made noticeably stronger progress in speaking fluency compared to those in the conventional group. By the end of the study, TBLT students spoke more continuously, with fewer stops and corrections, and expressed themselves with greater ease. These findings suggest that TBLT is a promising approach for improving spoken English in Uzbek secondary school settings. The article discusses practical recommendations for teachers and school administrators in Fergana and similar EFL contexts.
The Pragmatic Potential and Discourse Functions of Phraseological Scripts
This article explores the multidimensional nature of formulaic language through the analytical lens of "phraseological scripts." Moving beyond static lexicographical classifications, the study unifies the structural-functional invariant model of A. V. Kunin and the conversational routine frameworks of A. P. Cowie with the cognitive schema theory pioneered by R. C. Schank and R. P. Abelson. Phraseological scripts are defined as complex, conventionalized cognitive-linguistic templates that operate as fixed situational networks designed to automatically manage standard social situations or specific rhetorical goals. The paper provides a dual-faceted investigation into the communicative properties of these units, focusing on their pragmatic potential and discourse functions. Leveraging contemporary pragmalinguistic principles, the author demonstrates that the pragmatic potential of a script represents its latent, internal capacity to project implicit evaluative orientations, manage intense emotive-expressive states, and exert authoritative illocutionary force. Conversely, its discourse functions represent its overt operational performance within active dialogue and continuous text production, categorized into structural-organizing, social-cohesive (phatic), stylistic-coherence, and intertextual-resonating roles. Furthermore, drawing upon the linguocultural models of V. A. Maslova and the cultural scripts framework of C. Goddard and A. Wierzbicka, the study highlights the cognitive mechanisms of script activation as reflections of national mentality and collective social normativity. Finally, the interactional dynamics of these templates are analyzed through the processes of pragmatization and intentional occasional modifications, including phraseological insertion, truncation, contamination, and the literalization of imagery. The article concludes that the structural resilience and contextual adaptability of phraseological scripts make them fundamental pillars of communicative competence, necessitating a dynamic empirical approach in ongoing discourse and media analysis.
M. Purist and A. Dilmurod’s Literary-Aesthetic Approach
This article comparatively analyzes Marcel Proust’s novel “In Search of Lost Time” and Asad Dilmurod’s novel “Color and Axis” from a literary-aesthetic perspective. The study examines the writers’ interpretations of spirituality, memory, time, selfhood, and the perception of existence. Particular attention is paid to the similarities and differences between Eastern and Western literary thought, the principles of modernist poetics, and the artistic representation of national and cultural values. The research reveals the distinctive philosophical foundations of both authors and their approaches to depicting the inner world of human beings.