American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157) - is open-access peer-reviewed research on the theory, practice, processes, and outcomes of diplomacy in both its traditional state-based forms, as well as contemporary diplomatic expressions practiced by states and non-state entities. Journal publishes a range of articles pertaining to public diplomacy and related fields, including international relations, public relations, public affairs, media studies, cultural studies, economics, and nation branding.
Impact of Green Taxation on the Efficiency and Development of the Service Sector: A Comparative Analysis
This study investigates the multifaceted impact of green taxation on the efficiency and sustainable development of the service sector across diverse economic landscapes. It aims to evaluate how environmental levies influence operational costs, innovation adoption, and overall sectoral growth. Utilizing a comparative quantitative approach, the research analyzes longitudinal data from 2018 to 2024 across selected emerging and developed economies. A Fixed Effects (FE) regression model is employed to isolate the impact of environmental tax revenues on service-oriented Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI). The results indicate a "U-shaped" relationship between green tax intensity and sectoral efficiency. While initial implementation increases operational overhead, long-term adherence fosters significant technological shifts toward digitalization, which reduces carbon footprints and improves margins. This paper bridges the gap in environmental economics by focusing specifically on the service sector, an area often overlooked in favor of manufacturing, and introduces a cross-regional comparative framework that accounts for varying levels of institutional maturity.
Pedagogical Conditions for Improving The Effectiveness of Preventive Work With Juvenile Offenders
This article examines the pedagogical conditions for improving the effectiveness of preventive work with juvenile offenders. The study analyzes the socio-pedagogical, psychological, and educational factors influencing juvenile delinquency prevention. The research is based on pedagogical, sociological, psychological, comparative, and empirical methods. Particular attention is devoted to the role of educational institutions, family environment, moral education, psychological support, and interdisciplinary cooperation in preventive activity. The empirical results demonstrated that individualized pedagogical approaches, mentorship programs, legal education, and interactive preventive methods positively influenced behavioral correction, emotional stability, social adaptation, and legal awareness among adolescents. The study concludes that effective preventive work with minors requires systematic pedagogical support and coordinated cooperation between schools, families, psychologists, and preventive institutions. The findings may contribute to improving preventive educational practice and strengthening juvenile delinquency prevention systems.
Sustainable Tourism Development in Emerging Economies: Policy, Environmental, and Socio-Economic Perspectives from Uzbekistan
Sustainable tourism has become a critical component of economic development strategies in emerging economies. This study examines the potential and challenges of sustainable tourism development in Uzbekistan, a country with rich cultural heritage and growing international tourism appeal. The research analyzes current policies, environmental impacts, and socio-economic benefits associated with tourism growth. Using a mixed-method approach, the study evaluates how sustainable practices can be integrated into Uzbekistan’s tourism sector to ensure long-term economic, environmental, and social benefits. The findings suggest that while Uzbekistan has significant opportunities, stronger policy implementation, infrastructure improvements, and stakeholder engagement are required to achieve sustainable tourism development.
The Role of Digital Transformation in Uzbekistan: Digital Intelligence
In modern realities, vast volumes of digital data have become a key economic resource. These data are generated through the analysis of “digital footprints” left on various digital platforms as a result of the activities of individuals, social groups, or enterprises. Taking into account current realities and trends, Uzbekistan has also intensified its transition to a digital economy through the development of digital intelligence. This is confirmed by the statement of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in his Address to the Oliy Majlis: “…we must develop a National Concept for the Digital Economy, aimed at modernizing all sectors of the economy based on digital technologies, and on this foundation implement the ‘Digital Uzbekistan–2030’ program.”
The Mechanism of State Administration in The Republic of Uzbekistan: Modernization and Prospective Development Directions
This research work is devoted to the study of the conceptual foundations of the modern public administration system in the Republic of Uzbekistan and its evolutionary stages. The article deeply analyzes the issues of digitizing the administrative apparatus, minimizing corruption risks, and bringing the quality of interactive services to the population to a new level. Also, the author's approaches and scientific proposals for the practical implementation of the "democratic state" model are put forward.
Language, Style, and Discursive Structure of Art Journalism: A Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Karakalpakstan Media
This study examines the linguo-communicative transformation of art journalism in the regional media of Karakalpakstan. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach that combines content, discourse, and linguo-cultural analysis, the research identifies the structural and functional features of art-related media texts. The findings reveal that art journalism operates as a three-layered system integrating informational, analytical, and expressive components within a single discourse. These elements are not isolated but function simultaneously, forming a hybrid communicative structure. The study shows that media texts related to art go beyond factual reporting by incorporating interpretation and aesthetic expression. As a result, art journalism emerges as a complex system that combines information delivery with cultural and aesthetic meaning-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Society: Toward a New Legal Ideology
This article advances a new legal ideology for understanding artificial intelligence (AI) within civil society. It argues that existing legal systems fail not merely due to regulatory gaps, but due to a deeper conceptual limitation: the inability of law to recognize non-human yet functionally autonomous actors as participants in legal order. The paper introduces the concept of Adaptive Legal Capacity not only as a regulatory model, but as a philosophical transformation in legal reasoning that redefines agency, responsibility, and civil participation. Rather than treating AI as either a tool or a person, this work proposes a continuum-based legal structure in which legal recognition is assigned according to functional behavior and societal impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies (2993-2157)
Improving Banking Services for Corporate and Retail Customers
This article explores ways to improve banking services for both corporate and retail customers in the context of modern financial markets. It highlights the importance of digital transformation, customer-oriented strategies, and innovative financial products in enhancing service quality and competitiveness. The study analyzes current challenges faced by banks, including increasing competition, changing customer expectations, and technological advancements. Special attention is given to the role of digital banking, personalized services, and risk management in meeting diverse client needs. The findings suggest that integrating advanced technologies and improving service efficiency can significantly enhance customer satisfaction and strengthen the position of banks in the financial sector.
The Essence of the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law into the Military Legislation of Uzbekistan
This scientific article comprehensively analyzes the theoretical and legal foundations, current state, and existing problems of implementing the norms of international humanitarian law into the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study of international humanitarian law, its sources and national processes are highlighted, and the legal nature of their mechanisms in the legal system is revealed. The proposals and recommendations put forward in the article serve to ensure the further improvement of military legislation in the Republic of Uzbekistan, ensuring the completeness of opportunities for armed conflicts, and reliable protection of human rights.
Legal Standards of European Union Directives in E-Commerce and Their Implementation in German and French Legislation
This paper examines the legal framework for consumer protection in e-commerce within the European Union (EU), with a particular focus on the Consumer Rights Directive, the E-Commerce Directive, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, and the Unfair Terms Directive. It analyzes how these EU directives establish principles such as clear pre-contractual information, the right of withdrawal, transparency, and the prohibition of misleading or aggressive commercial practices. The study further compares these regulations with the national legislations of Germany and France, highlighting mechanisms that ensure consumer rights, prevent unfair practices, and enhance trust in digital markets. Finally, the paper explores the applicability of these legal models for countries outside the EU, particularly Uzbekistan, suggesting ways to strengthen its e-commerce legal framework and provide a reliable, consumer-friendly digital environment
Macroeconomic Effectiveness of Foreign Trade Policy in The National Economy
This article analyzes the role of foreign trade policy in the development of the national economy, its impact on macroeconomic indicators, and the issues of increasing its economic efficiency. The study examines foreign trade policy as an important component of the state's economic strategy, The importance of regulating export and import operations, supporting national producers, and expanding international trade relations is scientifically substantiated. The article analyzes the role of foreign trade policy in ensuring macroeconomic stability, specifically its impact on the growth of gross domestic product, increased investment activity, improved employment levels, and maintaining a balanced balance of payments. Additionally, special attention is paid to effectively shaping foreign trade policy in the context of modern globalization processes, increasing export potential, optimizing the composition of imports, and strengthening the competitiveness of the national economy. The study analyzed opportunities to ensure the stable development of the national economy, expand production volume, and improve the country's position in the international economic system through the improvement of foreign trade policy. the opportunities for ensuring the stable development of the national economy by improving foreign trade policy, expanding production volume, creating new jobs, and strengthening the country's position in the international economic system were analyzed. In addition, the problems that arise in the process of implementing foreign trade policy and the economic mechanisms for addressing them were also examined. The research findings serve to develop scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations for enhancing the macroeconomic efficiency of foreign trade policy in the national economy.
A Systematic Approach to Developing Leadership Competencies in Preschool Education Management
This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of developing leadership competencies in preschool education management. As educational institutions face rapid and far-reaching change, the responsibilities of preschool leaders have grown well beyond traditional administration, now encompassing strategic thinking, adaptability, and the capacity to drive meaningful innovation. The study surveys contemporary methods, forms, and tools for building leadership competencies — including continuous professional development, mentoring systems, and digital learning environments — and gives particular attention to how competencies are assessed and monitored over time. It also explores how organizational and individual factors interact to shape leadership effectiveness. The findings affirm that a systematic, sustained approach to leadership development is both necessary and achievable, and offer practical recommendations for improving management quality across preschool institutions.
The Role of Board Diversity in Enhancing Organizational Performance
Board diversity has gained increasing attention as a key component of effective corporate governance and a driver of organizational performance. This study examines the impact of board diversity—encompassing gender, age, educational background, professional expertise, and cultural diversity—on firm performance and strategic decision-making. Using a sample of publicly listed firms across diverse industries, the research analyzes how heterogeneous board structures influence financial performance, innovation capacity, and governance quality. The findings suggest that diverse boards contribute positively to organizational performance by enhancing creativity, improving problem-solving capabilities, and strengthening monitoring functions. In particular, gender and professional diversity are found to have a significant effect on financial outcomes and innovation-driven growth. However, the study also highlights that the effectiveness of board diversity depends on inclusive organizational cultures and well-defined governance processes. The results provide important implications for policymakers, corporate leaders, and investors seeking to optimize board composition for sustainable value creation.
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) and Regional Integration: An Analysis of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory with the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS
This article explores regional integration under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) through the lens of Asymmetric Interdependence Theory (AIT) (Keohane and Nye, 1977). It examines the coexistence of symmetry shared institutional commitments and asymmetry differences in capacities and leverage across Africa’s major regional economic communities (RECs): the EAC, ECOWAS and ECCAS. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study synthesizes quantitative data on trade, infrastructure and institutional alignment with qualitative policy analysis. Results indicate that, while AfCFTA’s institutional symmetry provides a strong framework for cooperation; persistent economic, infrastructural and geopolitical asymmetries continue to shape uneven integration outcomes. Detailed case studies reveal how these interdependence imbalances affect the benefits that member states derive from AfCFTA commitments. The paper concludes with practical policy recommendations to mitigate asymmetry and promote more equitable continental integration.
Material Resource Administration and Organizational Productivity in Public Corporations in Cameroon: A Case Study of the Cameroon Development Corporation and PAMOL Plantations PLC
Material resource administration continues to shape productivity outcomes in Public Corporations, particularly in developing economies where weaknesses in implementation often undermine operational efficiency. This study investigates how lapses in material planning decisions and material organizing and distribution affect organizational productivity in the Cameroon Development Corporation and PAMOL Plantation Plc. The analysis is grounded in Policy Implementation Theory and Administrative Management Theory, which together explain how failures in translating planning and organizing functions into effective action can weaken performance outcomes. A mixed methods design was employed, combining questionnaires, interviews, and observation, with quantitative data analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-Square test. The findings indicate that ineffective material planning disrupts production schedules and task completion, while weak organizing and distribution systems constrain employee output and coordination. The study concludes that implementation deficiencies in core administrative functions significantly undermine productivity in public agro-industrial corporations. Strengthening internal planning mechanisms and organizational coordination is therefore critical to improving performance and sustainability.
Combating Tax Offenses: Causes, Prevention Policy and Detection System
This article analyzes the current issues of combating tax offenses, their underlying causes, prevention policies, and the effectiveness of the detection system. According to the research findings, the main causes of tax offenses have been identified as the high tax burden, the complexity of tax legislation, the large share of the shadow economy, and the insufficient development of tax culture. In particular, according to certain estimates, the share of the shadow economy accounts for around 20–30 percent of gross domestic product, which leads to a significant loss of tax revenues. The article also substantiates the importance of digitalization processes in preventing tax offenses, particularly the introduction of electronic invoices, online cash register machines, and automated analytical systems. According to practical data, the widespread implementation of digital tax control tools has resulted in a 15–20 percent increase in tax revenues in certain sectors. At the same time, it is emphasized that the effectiveness of detecting violations can be improved through the enhancement of tax audits, the development of a risk analysis–based control system, and the establishment of effective communication with taxpayers.
Property Tax System: A Tax Mechanism for Legal Entities and Individuals
This article analyzes the property tax system in the Republic of Uzbekistan and tax mechanisms applicable to legal entities and individuals. This type of tax is an important source of state budget revenues, and in 2023 its share was about 8-10%. Tax rates for legal entities are set at an average of 1.5-2%, and for individuals - from 0.1% to 1.5%. The article covers issues of determining the tax base based on cadastral value, improving the system of benefits and tax administration. As a result, the effectiveness of the property tax system depends on the digitalization and accurate valuation system.
Environmental Taxes and Their Role in The Development of a Green Economy
Environmental degradation and climate change have become major global challenges, requiring effective policy responses from governments worldwide. One of the key economic instruments used to address these issues is environmental taxation. Environmental taxes are designed to reduce pollution, encourage efficient use of natural resources, and promote sustainable economic growth. This article examines the role of environmental taxes in the development of a green economy. It analyzes theoretical foundations, international practices, and the economic and environmental impacts of such taxes. The study concludes that environmental taxation is an essential tool for achieving long-term sustainability and supporting the transition to a green economy.
The Role of Excise Tax in Economic Development
This study aims to analyze the role of excise tax in economic development, focusing on its fiscal, regulatory, and social functions. The research investigates how excise taxation influences consumption patterns, public health outcomes, and government revenue in developing economies, particularly Uzbekistan. The study adopts a mixed-method approach combining econometric analysis, comparative analysis, and theoretical evaluation. Secondary data from national statistics and international reports were used. Regression analysis was applied to assess the relationship between excise tax revenue, consumption of excisable goods, and GDP growth. The findings indicate that excise taxes significantly contribute to government revenues and effectively reduce the consumption of harmful goods such as tobacco and alcohol. However, excessively high excise taxes may lead to illicit trade and tax evasion. This study integrates public finance theory with behavioral economics, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding excise taxation as both a fiscal and regulatory instrument.
The Role of Value Added Tax and Excise Tax in The Economy
This article analyzes the role of value-added tax (VAT) and excise tax in the economy, their importance in forming state budget revenues, and their impact on economic processes. It also scientifically examines the effects of these taxes on consumption, production, and price levels. The fiscal and regulatory functions of VAT and excise taxes, their role in ensuring economic stability, and their connection with ongoing tax policy reforms in the Republic of Uzbekistan are discussed. The study substantiates that the effective application of these taxes is an important factor in stimulating economic growth, reducing the share of the shadow economy, and ensuring budget stability.
The Role of Natural Resource Taxes in the State Budget
This article analyzes the role of natural resource taxes in forming state budget revenues, their economic significance, and their contribution to ensuring fiscal stability. In particular, the share of such payments as subsoil use tax, water resource use tax, and land tax in the state budget revenues of the Republic of Uzbekistan is examined based on statistical data. As a result of tax reforms implemented in recent years, revenues from natural resource taxes have shown a stable growth trend, accounting for an average of 12–15 percent of state budget revenues in 2023–2025. At the same time, these taxes serve as an important instrument for encouraging the rational use of economic resources, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting regional development. The study also identifies existing problems, including low efficiency in resource utilization and the incomplete formation of the tax base in certain sectors, and proposes scientifically grounded recommendations to address them.
Turnover Tax and its Role in the Economy
This study examines the role of turnover tax in supporting small business development and ensuring fiscal stability in the economy. The research is based on empirical analysis of tax revenue structures, particularly focusing on the contribution of small business taxes to total budget revenues. The findings indicate that turnover tax plays a significant role in expanding the tax base and increasing government revenues by simplifying tax compliance for small and medium-sized enterprises. The analysis also shows that turnover tax contributes to the formalization of economic activity and improves tax administration efficiency. However, the study highlights potential limitations, including the unequal tax burden on low-profit businesses. The results suggest that turnover tax is an effective fiscal instrument when combined with digital tax administration and balanced tax policy design.
Taxation System for The Use of Water Resources and Subsoil
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of taxation for the use of water resources and subsoil. In particular, it examines the economic essence of these taxes, their role in forming the state budget, and their importance in encouraging the rational use of natural resources. The study also reviews the tax rates applied for the use of water resources and subsoil in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the procedures for their calculation and collection, and the existing legal framework. Furthermore, within the context of recent tax reforms implemented in the country, the article analyzes measures aimed at improving the efficiency of natural resource utilization, ensuring environmental safety, and promoting resource conservation. Based on statistical data and practical experience, the research identifies existing problems in the use of water and subsoil resources and proposes ways to address them. The article develops scientifically grounded conclusions and recommendations aimed at improving natural resource taxation, increasing its economic efficiency, ensuring environmental sustainability, and enhancing state budget revenues.
The Role of Tax Policy in Increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This study examines the role of tax policy in promoting gross domestic product (GDP) growth within modern economic systems. The research analyzes how different components of tax policy, including direct taxes, indirect taxes, and tax incentives, influence key macroeconomic variables such as investment, consumption, and overall economic activity. The findings indicate that a well-designed tax policy can significantly stimulate economic growth by encouraging private sector investment, increasing production efficiency, and maintaining fiscal stability. In particular, reductions in corporate tax rates and the implementation of targeted tax incentives are shown to enhance capital formation and sectoral development. At the same time, the study highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced tax structure to avoid negative effects on consumption and income distribution. The experience of Uzbekistan demonstrates that recent tax reforms, including the simplification of tax administration and digitalization of tax systems, have contributed to stable GDP growth and improved economic performance. The results suggest that effective tax policy is a critical instrument for achieving sustainable economic development and macroeconomic stability in both developing and transition economies.
This article provides a general overview of social tax, which is considered one of the most important types of taxes among all existing taxes today. It also analyzes the significance of social tax, the directions in which the collected funds are allocated, and its role in the social sphere.
Taxation Challenges in The Digital Economy and Ways to Address Them
This article explores the challenges of taxation in the digital economy with a specific focus on the Uzbekistan. The rapid growth of digital technologies, e-commerce, and cross-border online services has significantly complicated the functioning of traditional tax systems. The study highlights key issues such as the lack of physical presence of digital companies, difficulties in determining tax jurisdiction, and the risks of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). In the context of the Uzbekistan, these challenges are particularly important due to the ongoing digital transformation and economic reforms. The paper also analyzes recent policy measures, including the introduction of VAT on digital services, the expansion of electronic tax administration, and efforts to align national tax regulations with international standards proposed by the OECD. It is concluded that strengthening tax administration, enhancing international cooperation, and adopting advanced digital technologies are essential for improving tax compliance, increasing fiscal revenues, and ensuring sustainable economic development in the Uzbekistan.
The Impact of Taxes on The State Budget and Their Significance in The National Economy
This article examines the impact of taxes on the state budget and their significance in the national economy of Uzbekistan. The study is based on macroeconomic data for 2020–2024 and highlights that taxes constitute the main source of state budget revenues, maintaining a stable share of over 80%. In particular, total state budget revenues increased from 132.9 trillion UZS in 2020 to 270.5 trillion UZS in 2024, while tax revenues rose from 108.7 trillion UZS to 220.0 trillion UZS during the same period . These indicators demonstrate the effectiveness of tax policy reforms and the strengthening of fiscal stability in the country. The research emphasizes that taxes play a dual role: not only as a source of public finance but also as a key instrument for economic regulation. The findings show that reforms implemented in recent years, including the reduction of tax rates, simplification of tax administration, and digitalization of tax processes, have contributed to expanding the tax base, reducing the shadow economy, and stimulating entrepreneurial activity.Furthermore, the article analyzes the structure of tax revenues, indicating that value-added tax, profit tax, and personal income tax form the largest share of budget revenues. The study concludes that effective tax management is essential for ensuring sustainable economic growth, improving living standards, and maintaining macroeconomic stability. The results underline the importance of continuing tax system modernization in line with international standards and strengthening institutional mechanisms for tax administration.
The Importance of Education and Awareness in Forming Tax Culture
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of education and awareness in the formation of tax culture. According to the research findings, in developed countries, 80–90% of the population comply with paying taxes fully and on time, whereas in developing countries this figure is around 50–65%. In Uzbekistan, recent tax reforms—particularly those implemented during 2020–2024—such as the simplification of tax administration, increasing the share of electronic services to 95%, and improving the system of interaction with taxpayers, have significantly contributed to enhancing tax culture. The article substantiates the importance of developing tax awareness among the younger generation through the education system, as well as strengthening outreach through mass media and digital platforms. Furthermore, it scientifically highlights that improving tax culture directly contributes to economic stability, increased state budget revenues, and a reduction in the share of the shadow economy.
Tax Reforms in Uzbekistan: Recent Changes and Economic Impact
This article analyzes the recent tax reforms implemented in Uzbekistan and evaluates their impact on the country’s economic development during the period of 2017–2025. In recent years, Uzbekistan has carried out large-scale fiscal reforms aimed at reducing the tax burden, improving tax administration, and increasing the efficiency of public finance management. For instance, the number of major taxes was reduced from 13 to 9, while the corporate income tax rate decreased from 14% to 12%, and the value-added tax (VAT) rate was lowered from 20% to 15%. The reforms also focused on the digitalization of the tax system, including the introduction of electronic tax reporting, online cash registers, and automated VAT refund mechanisms. As a result, tax revenues have shown steady growth, with state budget revenues increasing by more than 1.5 times between 2018 and 2024. Additionally, the share of the shadow economy has gradually declined, while the number of registered businesses has significantly increased. The article examines the impact of these reforms on key economic indicators such as GDP growth, investment inflows, and business activity. In particular, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have increased, exceeding several billion US dollars annually in recent years. The reforms have also contributed to improving Uzbekistan’s position in international rankings related to ease of doing business and tax transparency. Despite these positive outcomes, certain challenges remain, including issues of tax compliance, administrative efficiency, and the need for further institutional reforms. The study concludes that Uzbekistan’s tax reforms have created a more transparent and business-friendly environment, but continuous improvements are necessary to ensure sustainable economic growth and global competitiveness.
Issues Of Reducing Tax Violations Through The Improvement Of Tax Policy In Uzbekistan
This article analyzes the issues of reducing tax violations through the improvement of tax policy in Uzbekistan. In recent years, measures implemented to reform the tax system in the country—particularly the introduction of the new edition of the Tax Code starting from 2019, the optimization of tax rates, and the expansion of digital tax administration—have significantly increased tax discipline. During the period 2020–2024, the share of electronic invoices exceeded 90%, nearly 98% of tax reports were submitted online, and a declining trend in the shadow economy was observed. At the same time, the persistence of tax evasion in certain sectors indicates the need for further improvement of the system. The research findings substantiate that tax violations can be reduced by strengthening tax control, widely implementing artificial intelligence and risk analysis systems, and developing a preventive approach in working with taxpayers.