American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
American Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637) is an international peer-reviewed journal published to reach excellence on Research and Scientific Development. The journal is not limited to a specific aspect of engineering and architecture but is instead devoted to a wide range of subfields in the engineering sciences, electrical, mechanical and architecture. Articles of interdisciplinary nature are particularly welcome. The journal strives to maintain high-quality of publications. There will be a commitment to expediting the time taken for the publication of the papers. The editorial board reserves the right to reject papers without sending them out for review. The journal also publishes innovative contributions on every aspect of the architectural endeavor.
The Personnel Issue in The Bukhara Railway System in The 1950–60s
This article analyzes the personnel issue in the Bukhara railway system during the 1950–60s, focusing on the training, retention, and motivation of qualified specialists. It also highlights the role of communist ideology in political propaganda, the system of training young personnel, and the creation of social and cultural conditions for railway workers. Based on archival sources and periodical press materials, the article examines кадровая policy in the railway system, revealing its achievements and shortcomings. The study concludes that personnel policy in this period was closely linked to the socio-economic policies of the former USSR.
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
Comparing and Contrasting The Heritage Identity of Iraqi Architecture to That of Arab Universities. (Developing and Applying the Concept of Innovation for Architecture Students)
University architectural education generally seeks to graduate a number of architects with the need of the labor market. Most of the study plans contain a number of method of teaching, that forms the architectural thoughts of students. Despite the student learning from the heritage of his country through the educational courses he studies, such as the history of architecture and structure materials &others, However, the rapid technological progress in the means of communication contributed greatly to more knowledge of the scientific developments at the architectural field. The question remains to what extent the students’ trends in designing their projects during their study period are affected by the architectural cultural heritage and educational versus the factors that affect the thought directions of architects and designers in each of Iraqi cities such as Mosul, Baghdad and Salah al-Din. Concerned universities contain in describing some of their courses the concepts of heritage architecture, and the percentage of students’ orientation in their graduation projects towards using the vocabulary and content of the urban heritage was few, and the sample members are more supportive of the need to preserve heritage architecture through the use of its vocabulary and contents in their projects. The study’s problem is The lack and weakness of cultural concepts in the architectural departments, which are concerned with heritage architecture and its vocabulary and its cultural and scientific appeal, which in turn is reflected in the lack of local heritage architectural production and the tendency of local architecture towards alienation despite development and modernity The Study’s Questions is Does heritage architecture negate sufficient interest in the educational process and its outputs in a way that contributes to preserving the cultural and architectural heritage of this nation? The result of this study is that the most important factors affecting their intellectual directives are meeting the needs of the user, adapting to the conditions of the surrounding environment, applying the concepts of creativity, distinction and innovation; Therefore, the study recommends more attention to the urban cultural heritage and the necessity Discussing the importance of preserving it and the mechanisms for applying it in study plans in practice and research.
A Brief Overview of International Experience in Constructing Water Supply Systems
This article presents an overview of international experience in the construction and operation of water supply systems, taking into account social, economic, and environmental requirements. Public, private, and mixed management models, including public-private partnerships, are analyzed. It is shown that water supply efficiency is determined by infrastructure reliability, management transparency, financial sustainability, and public accessibility. Issues such as equipment deterioration, water leaks, ineffective management, unequal public access, the environmental impacts of hydraulic structures, and increased wastewater are considered. Particular attention is paid to modern water disinfection methods, water management calculations, and mathematical modeling established by the Russian scientific school. The importance of an integrated approach that takes into account the rational use of resources, the preservation of aquatic ecosystems, and socioeconomic needs, especially in rural and remote areas, is emphasized.
Bioclimatic Approach and Factors of Typological Formation in Low-Rise Courtyard Residential Buildings (On the Example of Peripheral Areas of Jizzakh Region)
The article analyzes the factors of bioclimatic approach and typological formation in low-rise courtyard housing, using the peripheral areas of Jizzakh region as a case study. The research highlights the impact of architectural means such as the courtyard, veranda, semi-open spaces, orientation, thick walls, local materials, and landscaping on energy efficiency. It also substantiates the relationship between housing typology and the plot, the courtyard-building ratio, residential and service zones, the family-demographic model, and natural-climatic conditions. As a result, an integrated model of bioclimatic and typological approaches to the formation of energy-efficient housing is proposed.
The Role of Buldozers in the Construction of Roads
This article analyzes the role, importance, and effectiveness of bulldozers in road construction. The widespread use of bulldozers in road construction for earthworks, soil compaction, leveling, and preparing road foundations is highlighted. The technical capabilities of modern bulldozers and their role in increasing road construction productivity will also be considered. The article provides an analysis of the effectiveness of using bulldozers in various operating conditions. The research results show that the rational use of bulldozers in the construction of highways serves to improve the quality of the construction process and save time.
Multi-Storey Houses, the Fire to Ensure Safety
This study examines fire safety challenges in multi storey residential buildings, focusing on the increasing use of imported and locally produced construction materials. Fires frequently occur due to the thermal degradation of materials, producing toxic gases that pose serious risks to human life and property. Despite existing regulations, current fire safety systems remain insufficient for effective prevention and response. The research identifies key gaps, including limited use of modern technologies, weak predictive capabilities, and low automation in fire detection and rescue coordination. Additional risks arise from improper material use, poor ventilation systems, and inadequate safety compliance. Using qualitative and regulatory analysis, the study evaluates construction practices, fire safety standards, and risk factors related to materials and building systems. Findings show that most fire incidents are linked to material properties and system failures. The study concludes that improved regulations, advanced fire detection technologies, and stronger safety awareness are essential to reducing fire risks and enhancing building safety.
An AI-Driven Optimization and Risk Mitigation Framework to Strengthen U.S. Supply Chain Resilience and National Economic Security
The COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and escalating trade conflicts have exposed critical vulnerabilities in U.S. supply chains, threatening national economic security and industrial competitiveness. This paper develops the Strategic AI Supply Chain Optimization and Resilience (SASCOR) framework, an integrated approach that leverages artificial intelligence to enhance supply chain visibility, predictive capacity, and adaptive response mechanisms. Drawing from recent advances in machine learning for demand forecasting, predictive analytics for logistics optimization, and AI-driven risk detection, this study presents a comprehensive governance structure for securing critical supply networks. The framework addresses four critical dimensions: real-time visibility enhancement, predictive risk mitigation, dynamic optimization algorithms, and collaborative ecosystem governance. By synthesizing insights from cross-industry implementations including last-mile delivery optimization, manufacturing ERP integration, and cybersecurity threat detection this research provides actionable strategies for project managers and policymakers to fortify U.S. supply chain infrastructure against systemic disruptions while maintaining competitive advantage in global markets.
Copyright (c) 2023 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
Mechatronic Control of A Car Cooling System
This article examines the modeling of passenger car internal combustion engine cooling systems based on mechatronic control. In this work, the mechatronic engine cooling system of a passenger car was studied using a mathematical model. The dynamics of the cooling system were described using heat balance equations and modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. In the study, the effect of the cooling fan on the process was taken into account through the radiator heat transfer coefficient. Based on the developed model, four control strategies were analyzed and compared: conventional thermostat control, ON/OFF electronic control, PID control, and Lyapunov-based control. The simulation results show that conventional and ON/OFF methods exhibit larger temperature deviations and oscillations, while the PID and especially the Lyapunov-based controller ensure faster and more stable convergence of engine temperature to the desired value. The obtained results confirm that the application of advanced mechatronic control algorithms significantly improves the thermal regulation and stability of automotive cooling systems.
A Review and Assessment of Nature-Inspired and Machine Learning–Based Task Scheduling Algorithms in Cloud Computing
The evolution of task scheduling algorithms in cloud computing environments has been a crucial aspect for efficient resource utilization and improved performance. The paper analyses the various task scheduling algorithms that have been proposed over the years, including the First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) algorithm, Shortest Job First (SJF) algorithm, and Round Robin (RR) algorithmetc. After exploring the available literature on more advanced algorithms such as the Load Balancing Algorithm, Priority Scheduling Algorithm, and Latest heuristics based hybrid Scheduling Algorithm till date to the best of our knowledge, this keynote paper proposes a novel classification of all contemporary and latest task scheduling algorithms. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting the detailed merits and demerits of each latest approach viz. soft-computing techniques, Machine Learning techniques and other nature-inspired techniques.
The Role of Landscape Architecture in Urban Planning of the Navoi Region and Its Socio-Ecological Significance
This article analyzes the role of landscape architecture in the context of the harsh continental climate and highly industrialized environment of the Navoi region. The study examines the formation of anthropogenic landscapes, the displacement of natural landscapes by urbo-landscapes, and the suitability of areas for urban planning based on A. Soatov's methodology. Using the example of the "New Uzbekistan" park, the effectiveness of modern cultural landscapes in moderating the microclimate and filtering industrial dust is substantiated. The article concludes with practical recommendations for improving landscape design in arid climate conditions.
Design of Rectangular Ferrocement Water Tank
In rural areas, ensuring reliable and cost-effective water storage solutions is paramount for addressing water scarcity challenges. Traditional tank materials such as Reinforced Concrete Cement (RCC), steel, and PVC present various drawbacks including high costs, susceptibility to cracks, and environmental concerns. This project focuses on exploring the feasibility and advantages of rectangular ferrocement water tanks as an alternative solution. Ferrocement tanks offer a promising alternative due to their enhanced durability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. Unlike RCC and steel tanks, ferrocement tanks exhibit resistance to cracks and corrosion, ensuring long-term structural integrity with minimal maintenance requirements. Moreover, ferrocement construction utilizes locally available materials and employs eco-friendly practices, reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability. Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing construction processes, cost- effectiveness, water quality preservation, and community acceptance, this project highlights the superiority of ferrocement technology over traditional tank materials. The study demonstrates that ferrocement water tanks provide a viable and sustainable solution for rural communities, offering improved access to clean water resources and contributing to socio-economic development.
Copyright (c) 2024 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637)
Emergency and the Importance of Relationships in Mathematical Models of Elliptic Statistical Structures
In the article seen​​ tasks meteorological information​​ based on emergency situation parameters analysis to do and forecast to do opportunities, emergency situation characteristics connection​​ determination and assessment meteorological from factors, extreme emergency situations, dangerous meteorological of the conditions appearance to be​ and development the risk in the evaluation connection​​ shown. Emergency​​ situations characteristics meteorological to the parameters connection​​ to determine attempt, in the future extreme emergency situation the risk analysis to do and prophecy to do methods working to go out help giver mathematician model shown.
Formation of the Mahalla System and Architectural-Planning Features in the Rural Settlements of Ancient Ustrushona (Case Study of Jizzakh Region)
This article examines the stages of formation of the rural mahalla system and its architectural and planning characteristics in the Jizzakh oasis, which historically constituted the western part of ancient Ustrushona. Based on archaeological evidence and historical sources, the structural organization of communal settlements that emerged around “koshk” (fortified estates) during the Early Middle Ages (5th–8th centuries) is analyzed. The study reveals the patterns of adaptation of settlements located along the Sangzor River and the Arnasoy lowlands to the natural landscape, as well as the spatial relationships between key elements such as the guzar (community center), alou-khona (communal gathering space), and religious structures. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the architectural evolution of the rural mahalla system, which developed under the influence of socio-economic conditions and defense factors.
Application of a Hybrid EKF-Bayesian Approach for Technical Condition Diagnostics of Gas Turbine Auxiliary Power Units
Ensuring the technical reliability and flight safety of gas turbine Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) is a critical task in aviation engineering. Traditional diagnostic methods, often reliant on visual inspections and fixed thresholds, are limited in detecting internal or early-stage faults. This study proposes a proactive hybrid diagnostic approach integrating the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Bayesian Inference for real-time monitoring and fault forecasting of the APU. The EKF is employed to linearize nonlinear engine dynamics and filter stochastic sensor noise, while the Bayesian framework provides a recursive mechanism for fault probability estimation and classification. Experimental results based on 120 test cycles demonstrate that the EKF algorithm reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of critical parameters (rotor speed, exhaust gas temperature, and oil pressure) by an average of 65–67% compared to traditional measurement methods. The subsequent Bayesian classification achieved an overall diagnostic accuracy of 95.83% and a sensitivity of 95.0%. Furthermore, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis yielded an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.956, confirming the high discriminatory power of the proposed model. The findings indicate that the integrated EKF-Bayesian approach offers a mathematically rigorous and effective solution for the early detection and trend forecasting of malfunctions, significantly enhancing aviation safety standards.
Review the Behavior of eccentrically loaded RC Columns Strengthened using CFRP Bars and Sheet
This literature review highlights the use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns under various loading conditions. It focuses on two main methods: near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP reinforcement and external FRP confinement, often used in combination. Key findings indicate that NSM FRP enhances flexural capacity and seismic performance, particularly under eccentric and biaxial loads. In contrast, external FRP confinement improves axial load capacity but is less effective with increasing eccentricity. Hybrid systems, which integrate NSM FRP and external wraps, effectively mitigate debonding and buckling, enhancing strength and deformation capacity. The review also mentions analytical models that predict the behavior of FRP-strengthened columns. Applications of these methods include corroded, fire-damaged, or seismically challenged columns, confirming FRP composites as a valuable solution for reinforcing concrete structures.
Impact of Construction Waste on the Environment and Recycling Solutions
The rapid growth of urbanization and infrastructure development has significantly increased the amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generated worldwide. Improper disposal of construction waste has become a major environmental concern, leading to land degradation, air pollution, water contamination, and excessive consumption of natural resources. This study investigates the environmental impacts of construction waste and explores sustainable recycling solutions that can reduce environmental damage and promote sustainable construction practices. The research analyzes different types of construction waste materials such as concrete, bricks, wood, metals, plastics, and glass, along with their environmental effects. A literature review of previous studies on construction waste management and recycling techniques is presented. The study also evaluates recycling efficiency and waste composition using tabulated analysis. The findings indicate that recycling materials such as concrete aggregates, metals, and bricks can significantly reduce landfill waste and conserve natural resources. Implementing sustainable waste management strategies, improved recycling technologies, and government policies can enhance environmental sustainability in the construction industry.
Assessment of the Impacts of Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure on Solar Irradiance in Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria
This study assessed the impacts of atmospheric temperature and pressure on solar irradiance in Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria. That data of atmospheric temperature and pressure were collected hourly from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm on February 25, 2026, in a school called Mathson School, Idah, using a weather station, while solar irradiance was measured using a pyranometer software installed on a laptop, and connected to the internet. The results revealed that the solar irradiance varied throughout the day, with peak values occurring in the early afternoon, which corresponds to higher temperatures and lower atmospheric pressures. The correlation analysis showed that there was a weak positive relationship between temperature and solar irradiance (r = 0.065) and a very weak negative relationship between pressure and solar irradiance (r = –0.036). This correlation despite the weak relationship shows that the solar irradiance is directly proportional with the atmospheric temperature and inversely with the atmospheric pressure. These findings demonstrate that atmospheric conditions have influence on solar irradiance and this provide insight into local solar energy potential. In addition, the results provide an insight regarding the period of time in which higher solar energy is expected in this research area, Idah, Kogi state. It was concluded that though, the correlation coefficients between the solar irradiance with the atmospheric temperature and pressure are low, there exists a relationship between solar irradiance and the two atmospheric parameters considered in this work. It is recommended that solar energy systems in Idah be designed to utilize peak solar irradiance periods between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm. It is also recommended that data of many days or months be used for the similar work in future. Additionally, continuous monitoring of atmospheric parameters should be implemented for improved solar energy planning. This study is valuable as it will inform solar energy forecasting, optimize solar panel placement, and enhance energy output predictions, supporting effective deployment of solar energy systems in the region.
Review on Consolidate of Combinational Logic Circuit
This paper's learning objectives are to illustrate the chronical of a logic switching circuit. The study focuses on the evolution and use of logic throughout history in the field of computer and electronic applications. This essay focuses on design considerations, a few interesting facts, and a brief analysis of the fundamental requirements of logic fusion. Additionally, it improves students' comprehension of various Boolean function minimization techniques.
Robust Lane Detection Framework for Autonomous Vehicles Using Deep Learning and Computer Vision
The arrival of self-driving cars has made it even more important to have reliable and effective lane detection systems. Lane detection helps keep cars in their lanes while driving, making roads safer. This paper proposes a framework for real-time lane assistance comprising lane detection, tracking, marking recognition, and a warning when the vehicle is about to leave the lane. The framework uses OpenCV and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze video from a vehicle-mounted camera and estimate lane parameters such as position, slope, and curvature. These parameters let the framework determine the vehicle's position relative to the lane and steer it. Lane detection systems for self-driving cars must work in real time, adapt to varying weather and lighting conditions, and handle changes in road markings. The proposed framework effectively addresses these challenges and improves the safety and reliability of autonomous driving.
Experimental Investigation of Heating Element Performance with Bypass Tubes
This study presents an investigation of the thermo-hydraulic performance of a rotary air preheater heating element utilizing bypass tubes and wire coiled coil matrix turbulators. The work purpose is to improve heat transfer efficiency and minimize flow resistance while considering the practical problems observed in failed heating elements utilized in industrial units such as the Al-Hartha Thermal Power Station in southern Iraq. The experimental setup is intended for simulating working conditions of an air preheater under cyclic charging and discharging of hot and cold air flows. Air from a single matrix is switched between the two directions of flow using a valve-controlled system driven by an automated control panel. Three different types of bypass layout are tested in order to determine the best positioning and number of the tubes. Additionally, bypass tubes with various diameters (10, 15 and 20 mm) and shapes (circular and squared section) are tested. Also, three turbulators with different pitches are inserted into the bypass tubes to increase turbulence and enhance convective heat transfer. The results clarify the interlinked influences of bypass flow control and turbulent augmentation on the overall performance of stack heat recovery elements. The thermo-hydraulic performance for inline-tube arrangement rises on the order of 7.58% over the conventional element, while the 15 mm tubes deliver improvement of 15.47%. The cylindrical section outperformed the square section over examined Re range, with an improvement 23.49%, while the 5 mm pitch turbulator achieved an improvement of 23.92%.
IoT-Enabled Embedded System for Rash Driving Detection and Automatic Speed Control Using GPS and GSM
The loss of human life is the most significant loss that cannot be regained, in contrast to other property losses. Every year, a lot of people die in car accidents. Many different things have been tried to stop these road accidents. There are now better roads, and many road safety programs have been put in place. Many different technologies and methods have been developed to teach people to drive safely, but most haven't helped prevent accidents. The proposed system for this project monitors several vehicle parameters, including speed, engine speed, brake pedal status, and steering angle. An embedded microcontroller board measures all of these things. The goal is to learn about a driver's driving style by looking at how they use the gas and brake pedals. If the way a person drives meets the criteria for reckless driving, the system notifies the driver and, if the behavior continues, limits the vehicle's speed and sends a text message to the nearest police control room via a GSM module. The system also controls how fast cars can go in areas with a lot of people, such as cities and villages along the route. The GPS module system keeps track of the vehicle's location at all times. If it enters a city, the speed limit is set to a safe level.
Influence of Type of Solvent and Preparation of Oil-Containing Raw Material on Kinetic Dependences of its Extraction Process
The influence of a solvent on the extraction processes of cotton cake is established. The kinetic equations of the extraction processes are determined. The dependences of the extraction coefficients on the type of solvent and the type of oil containing raw materials used are revealed
Copyright (c) 2026 American Journal of Engineering , Mechanics and Architecture https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Laying and Protection of Water Pipelines in Conditions of Moving Sands
This article is devoted to the design and construction of settlements in sandy deserts, with an emphasis on creating a protected and comfortable living environment. Key aspects are considered, such as protection from natural factors (sand storms, heat and dust), water supply, as well as effective ways to protect water pipes and buildings from the effects of sand. Particular attention is paid to the need to create green protective strips and landscaping, as well as recommendations for laying utility networks and water pipes at depth, which minimizes the negative impact of sandstorms. The main architectural and planning solutions are provided, aimed at the sustainability of infrastructure and improving the microclimate in sandy deserts.
Noise-Absorbing Asphalt Technology in Uzbekistan and Its Ecological Efficiency in Cities
This article analyzes the introduction of noise-absorbing asphalt technology in Uzbekistan and its environmental efficiency in cities. The article examines the composition, principles of operation and practical impact of noise-absorbing asphalt pavements in the urban environment. The article shows that noise-absorbing asphalt not only significantly reduces traffic noise, but also helps to protect public health, improve the quality of the living environment and ensure environmental sustainability. At the same time, the article also highlights the application of innovative solutions to asphalt pavements, such as sensor technologies, temperature-adapting materials and waste recycling.
Current State of Water Supply and Surface Water Treatment in the Lower Amu Darya River Basin
This study evaluates the current condition of water supply and surface water treatment in the lower Amu Darya River, a major source of freshwater for Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The water resources of the lower Amu Darya face challenges due to reduced flow, climatic variability, irrigation demands, and limited treatment infrastructure. We analyzed hydrological data, water allocation policies, and existing water treatment practices to assess supply reliability and treatment efficiency. Results indicate persistent water scarcity, aging supply systems, and a lack of modern treatment facilities. Recommendations include enhancement of treatment infrastructure, integrated water resources management, and adoption of advanced purification technologies. These findings provide insights for policymakers and water resource managers aiming for sustainable water security in the region.
Low-Temperature, Low-Metal Consumptıon Thermosıphone Heatıng Devıce wıth Intermedıate Heat Carrıer for Solar Heatıng Systems
This study focuses on the development of a low-temperature, low-metal consumption self-regulating thermosiphon heating device with an intermediate heat carrier for solar heating systems aimed at improving energy efficiency and reducing material consumption. The research involves analysis of modern heating device designs, theoretical and experimental investigation of single- and two-phase heat exchange processes, and the development of mathematical models describing evaporation and condensation under natural thermosiphon circulation conditions. The proposed design consists of a hermetic housing divided into evaporation and condensation chambers equipped with steam confusors, ejectors, and a thermoregulating valve, which intensify heat transfer by increasing steam velocity and enhancing mixing in the condensation zone. Hydraulic separation from the main heating system reduces internal pressure and wall thickness, lowering metal consumption while maintaining structural reliability. The results show that the developed device improves heat transfer efficiency and enables 3–4% heat savings through self-regulation, making it suitable for application in solar heating systems and modern energy-saving technologies.
A Water Heater That Regulates Itself for Solar Heating Systems
A method for calculating the water intermediary in a multilayer stratified thermal storage tank used in solar heating and hot water supply systems has been developed. The intermediary has a constant cross-section and uniform perforation throughout its height. The examination of global and domestic practices for improving the performance of self-regulating active water heat accumulators in solar heating systems is ongoing. Innovative solutions for self-regulated stratified thermal storage systems are being developed. Conditions for achieving self-equilibrium in the self-regulatory components of hot water storage tanks are being identified, considering dynamic processes caused by unbalanced solar radiation. A theoretical investigation of water flow in perforated distributors with a constant cross-section under the influence of volume forces is being conducted. Additionally, a theoretical analysis of water collection in perforated collectors with constant cross-sections due to volume forces is taking place. A method for calculating water distribution and designing a self-regulating thermal storage system is currently being developed. An experimental exploration of the perforation in the water distribution system of a self-adjusting hot water storage tank is also underway.
stratification accumulation are all components
Enhancing the Thermal Performance of a Three-Pass Solar Air Heater Using Latent Heat Storage Materials: A Comprehensive Review
with latent heat storage materials (Phase Change Materials, PCMs) are reviewed to improve the thermal conductivity. The principle behind this integration is based on the high energy-storage density of PCMs, whose heat absorption and heat release occur at nearly constant temperatures, that enhances the system efficiency and smooths the convergence of the outlet air temperature. The enhancement of the air residence time and heat transfer rate is achieved by the three-pass flow pattern although more pressure drop and design complexity are introduced. A review of literature reveals that the use of PCMs brings about considerable improvement in the total thermal performance as compared to the conventional systems more so by way of prolonging the heating duration beyond the retardation of solar radiation. Proper PCM melting temperature and high thermal conductivity of PCM are important for efficient charging/discharging processes Major obstacles are the low thermal conductivity of typical PCMs which generally needs to be enhanced by means of ﬁns, metal matrices or by encapsulation methods. The core technical difficulties are the very low thermal conductivity of the ordinary PCMs, which usually needs to be enhanced by fin, metal matrices, or encapsulation methods. Leakage during melting and long-term material stability are also importantly design issues. Moreover, the hydrodinam¬ics of the three-pass configurations becomes increasingly intricate., thus rendering the airflow distribution and pressure drops as the dominant system optimization parameters. The literature on PCM incorporated three-pass heaters is still scarce, as the most of the works related to that of single- or double-pass collectors. There are important gaps in dynamic modeling of multi-pass systems with PCM, long-term cycling studies, and cost – benefit analyses. The review emphasizes the requirement of development of advanced numerical models, superior PCM composites with enhanced conductivity and system level integrated designs that can include reasonably complexity in thermo-technical performances. To sum up, the incorporation of latent heat storage materials into three-pass solar air heaters offers an attractive way to enhance the heat transfer performance, meanwhile, further work is required to solve the material, design and economic issues for large scale implementation.
Towards Sustainable Computing: Emerging Green Technologies and Energy Optimization in IT Systems
Green computing or sustainable computing is a radical style of information technology that seeks to minimize the effects of computing systems on the environment without necessarily affecting the performance and operation efficiency. Digital technologies, such as high-performance computing, data centers, and cloud infrastructures, have led to a significant level of energy consumption, emissions of greenhouse gases, and the accumulated electronic waste, which is becoming a major problem concerning the sustainability of the world. This paper also examines a broad spectrum of green computing technologies and solutions such as designing energy efficient hardware, virtualization, optimization of cloud resources, smart power management, and also disposing and recycling of electronic equipment in an environmentally friendly manner. It evaluates how well these strategies would lead to energy saving and cost reduction in their operations, and at the same time alleviate negative environment effects. Moreover, the studies examine the latest case studies and empirical knowledge to prove the practical utility of implementing green computing in industrial, academic and government IT systems. Economic and ecological implications of sustainable computing practices are also discussed in the paper and possible benefits in terms of carbon footprint, energy consumption, and resource wastage are presented. This study uses the cumulative knowledge of the existing literature and real-life applications to establish the best practices, major challenges, and trends of green computing adoption. The results indicate that incorporating green computing strategies will not only help in conserving the environment but also improving the performance of the system, its reliability as well as cost-effectiveness which creates an interesting argument as to why organizations need to highly consider the issue of sustainability in IT planning. This research should be used by the policy-makers, IT managers and researchers as a guideline to deploy and design environmental friendly computing solutions thus contributing to global energy efficiency and sustainable technological development.
Principles of Planning Landscape Design of a University Campus
This article provides a scientific analysis of the main principles of landscape design planning in a university campus. It addresses functional zoning, ecological sustainability, pedestrian circulation convenience, and aesthetic composition. In addition, the visual appearance of the campus landscape is examined, proposals for its improvement are developed, and the conclusions are presented.